10-K – 2026-02-27 – ewbc-20251231.htm

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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM  10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31 , 2025
OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to

Commission file number  000-24939
  EAST WEST BANCORP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
95-4703316
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
135 North Los Robles Ave. , 7th Floor , Pasadena , California , 91101
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
( 626 )  768-6000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:  

Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.001 per share EWBC Nasdaq Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes  ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐   No  ☒
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes  ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes  ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐  No  ☒

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2025 was $ 13,774,364,511 (based on the closing price of the registrant’s common stock on such date of $100.98 per share). As of January 31, 2026, 137,622,675 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding.
DOCUMENT INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A relating to its 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC.
2025 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
PART I
3

Forward-Looking Statements
3

Item 1.
Business
4

Item 1A.
Risk Factors
17

Item 1B.
Unresolved Staff Comments
30

Item 1C.
Cybersecurity
30

Item 2.
Properties
32

Item 3.
Legal Proceedings
32

Item 4.
Mine Safety Disclosures
32

PART II
33

Item 5.
Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
33

Item 6.
[Reserved]
33

Item 7.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
34

Item 7A.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
75

Item 8.
Financial Statements
76

Item 9.
Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
156

Item 9A.
Controls and Procedures
156

Item 9B.
Other Information
158

Item 9C.
Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
158

PART III
158

Item 10.
Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
158

Item 11.
Executive Compensation
158

Item 12.
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
158

Item 13.
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence
159

Item 14.
Principal Accountant Fees and Services
159

PART IV
160

Item 15.
Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
160

Item 16.
Form 10-K Summary
162

GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS
163

SIGNATURES
164

2

PART I

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (“this Form 10-K”) contains “forward-looking statements” that are intended to be covered by the safe harbor for such statements provided by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. East West Bancorp, Inc. (referred to herein on an unconsolidated basis as “East West” and on a consolidated basis as the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” or “EWBC”) may make forward-looking statements in other documents that it files with, or furnishes to, the United States (“U.S.”) Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and management may make forward-looking statements to analysts, investors, media members and others. Forward-looking statements are those that do not relate to historical facts and that are based on current assumptions, beliefs, estimates, expectations and projections, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond the Company’s control. Forward-looking statements may relate to various matters, including the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, future performance, business or industry, and usually can be identified by the use of forward-looking words such as “anticipates,” “assumes,” “believes,” “can,” “continues,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “forecasts,” “goal,” “intends,” “likely,” “may,” “might,” “objective,” “plans,” “potential,” “projects,” “remains,” “should,” “target,” “trend,” “will,” “would,” or similar expressions or variations thereof, and the negative thereof, but these terms are not the exclusive means of identifying such statements. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, as they are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties.

Factors that might cause future results to differ materially from historical performance and any forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

• changes in local, regional and global business, economic and political conditions, and natural or geopolitical events;
• the soundness of other financial institutions and the impacts related to or resulting from bank failures and other industry volatility, including potential increased regulatory requirements, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance premiums and assessments, and deposit withdrawals;
• changes in trade, tariff, tax, monetary and fiscal policies;
• changes in immigration laws and enforcement practices, or travel and visa related policies;
• current or potential disputes between the U.S., the People’s Republic of China, Singapore and other countries;
• changes in the commercial and consumer real estate markets;
• changes in consumer or commercial spending, savings and borrowing habits, and patterns and behaviors;
• the Company’s ability to compete effectively against financial institutions and other entities, including as a result of emerging technologies;
• the success and timing of the Company’s business strategies;
• the Company’s ability to retain key officers and employees;
• changes in interest rates, competition, regulatory requirements and product mix;
• changes in the Company’s costs of operation, compliance and expansion;
• disruption, failure in, or breach of, the Company’s operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of third-party vendors with which the Company does business, including as a result of cyber-attacks, and the disclosure or misuse of confidential information;
• the adequacy of the Company’s risk management framework;
• future credit quality and performance, including expectations regarding future credit losses and allowance levels;
• adverse changes to the Company’s credit ratings;
• legal proceedings, regulatory investigations and their resolution;
• the Company’s capital requirements and its ability to generate capital internally or raise capital on favorable terms;
• the impact on the Company’s liquidity due to changes in the Company’s ability to receive dividends from its subsidiaries; and
• any strategic acquisitions or divestitures, the introduction of new or expanded products and services or other events that may directly or indirectly result in a negative impact on the financial performance of the Company and its customers.

For a more detailed discussion of some of the factors that might cause such differences, see Item 1A . Risk Factors presented in this Form 10-K. You should treat forward-looking statements as speaking only as of the date they are made and based only on information then actually known to the Company. The Company does not undertake, and specifically disclaims, any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of events or circumstances after the date of such statements except as required by law.
3

ITEM 1.  BUSINESS

Organization

East West is a bank holding company incorporated in Delaware on August 26, 1998, and is registered under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (“BHC Act”). The Company commenced business on December 30, 1998 when, pursuant to a reorganization, it acquired all of the voting stock of East West Bank (“East West Bank” or the “Bank”), which became its principal asset. East West’s principal business is to serve as a holding company for the Bank and other banking or banking-related subsidiaries that East West may establish or acquire. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had $80.4 billion in total assets, $56.1 billion in total net loans, $67.1 billion in total deposits, and $8.9 billion in total stockholders’ equity.

The Company operates in over 110 locations in the U.S. and Asia. In the U.S., the Bank’s corporate headquarters and main administrative offices are located in California. Its 96 U.S. branches are located in California, Texas, New York, Washington, Georgia, Massachusetts and Nevada. In Asia, the Bank has branches in China and Hong Kong, and representative offices in China and Singapore.

East West Bank has a commercial banking license in China through its subsidiary, East West Bank (China) Limited (“EWCN”), which makes it unique among U.S.-based regional banks. This license allows the Bank to have branches, make loans and accept deposits in China. The Bank continues to develop its international banking presence in Asia with its network of overseas branches and representative offices. In addition to facilitating traditional letters of credit and trade financing to businesses, these representative offices allow the Bank to assist existing clients and develop new business relationships. Through its branches and offices, the Bank focuses on growing its cross-border client base between the U.S. and Asia, helping U.S.-based businesses expand in Asia, and assisting companies based in Asia pursue business opportunities in the U.S.

The Bank believes its customers benefit from its deep understanding of the Asian market, which is supported by its physical presence, strong corporate and organizational ties in the region, and its international banking products and services. The Bank believes this approach, combined with its senior management and Board of Directors’ ties to Asian business opportunities and Asian American communities, provides the Bank with a competitive advantage. The Bank utilizes its presence overseas to identify and build corporate relationships, which the Bank may leverage to create business opportunities in California and other U.S. markets.

Banking Services

As of December 31, 2025, East West Bank was the largest independent commercial bank headquartered in Southern California based on total assets. The Bank is also the largest independent bank in the U.S. focused on the financial service needs of individuals and businesses that operate both in the U.S. and Asia, and has a strong focus on the Asian American community. Through its network of over 110 banking locations in the U.S. and Asia, the Bank provides a wide range of personal and commercial banking services to individuals and businesses. The Bank provides services to its customers in English, Spanish and various Asian languages and dialects. In addition to offering traditional deposit products that include personal and business checking and savings accounts, money market, and time deposits, the Bank also offers foreign exchange, treasury management and wealth management services. The Bank’s lending activities include commercial and residential real estate lending, construction finance, commercial business lending, working capital lines of credit, trade finance, letters of credit, affordable housing lending, asset-based lending, asset-backed finance, project finance, equipment financing and loan syndication. The Bank also provides financing services to clients to facilitate their business transactions between the U.S. and Asia. Additionally, to support the business needs of its customers, the Bank offers hedging advisory and various derivative contracts such as interest rate, energy commodity and foreign exchange contracts.

The integration of digital with brick-and-mortar channels has been an area of investment for the Bank, for both commercial and consumer banking. Our strategic priorities include the use of technology to innovate and expand commercial payments, treasury management, and consumer banking products and services. We have developed mobile and online banking platforms, which are continually enhanced to enrich our customer’s user experience, and which offer a full suite of banking services tailored to our customers’ unique needs. In our view, the omnichannel banking service approach increases efficiency and deepens customer relationships.

4

Operating Segments

The Bank’s three operating segments, (1) Consumer and Business Banking, (2) Commercial Banking and (3) Treasury and Other, are based on the Bank’s core strategy. The Consumer and Business Banking segment primarily provides financial products and services to consumer and commercial customers through the Company’s domestic branch network and digital banking platforms. The Commercial Banking segment primarily generates commercial loans and deposits. The remaining centralized functions, including the corporate treasury activities of the Company, tax credit investment activity, eliminations of inter-segment amounts, and centrally managed departments, are aggregated and included in the Treasury and Other segment. For complete discussion and disclosure, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) — Results of Operations — Operating Segment Results and Note 17 — Business Segments to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K.

Competition

The Bank operates in a highly competitive environment. The Company faces intense competition from domestic and foreign lending institutions, numerous other financial services providers and other new technology-driven products and services. Competition is based on a number of factors including, among others, customer service and convenience, quality and range of products and services offered, reputation, fees, interest rates on loans and deposits, and lending limits. Competition also varies based on the types of customers and locations served. The Company is a leader of banking market share in the Asian American community. The Company maintains a differentiated presence within selected markets by providing cross-border commercial banking expertise to customers operating in the U.S. and Asia.

While the Company believes it is well positioned within a highly competitive industry, the industry could become even more competitive as a result of legislative, regulatory, economic, and technological changes, as well as continuing consolidation.

Human Capital

As a company that delivers relationship-driven financial solutions to our customers, we believe the strength of our workforce is one of the most significant contributors to our success. Our key human capital objectives are to attract, develop, and retain quality talent that embody our values and enable us to attract customers and serve them effectively. To achieve these objectives, our human resource programs have been designed to incorporate our core values of absolute integrity, customer orientation, creativity, respect and fairness, teamwork, expertise and professionalism, and selflessness. Embracing these core values positions our employees to better serve our customers and pave the way for their future career advancement. We are committed to strengthening our recruiting process and growing internal talent to prepare for our next phase of growth. We also seek to recognize our employees for their contributions and service to the Bank.

As of December 31, 2025, we had 3,350 full-time equivalent employees. The majority of our workforce consisted of full-time employees who were located in our core markets in California, Texas, and New York. The Company’s full-time equivalent employees also included approximately 300 employees located in China, Hong Kong, and Singapore. None of our employees are subject to a collective bargaining agreement.

Talent Acquisition, Development, Promotion and Engagement

An experienced, dedicated and well-qualified workforce is essential in delivering high quality and reliable banking services to our customers and in managing the Company. We endeavor to attract, develop, and retain motivated individuals as part of our ongoing commitment in building a strong workforce to serve our customers and communities. In 2025, we were able to continue our quality hiring efforts with nearly 600 external new hires.

The focus on leadership development and promoting from within is a critical part of our succession planning for key roles throughout the organization and fostering organizational stability. We recognize the importance of employee development and career growth in supporting employee retention, which is one of the Company's strategic objectives. In 2025, approximately 16% of our employees advanced their careers within the Bank through 550 internal promotions or new opportunities, which highlights our commitment to rewarding results-driven performance. We also provide a variety of resources to help employees grow in their current roles and acquire new skills for future advancement through continuing education and tuition reimbursement.
5

We celebrate our employees’ dedicated years of service to the Bank through our Milestone Anniversary Program, which offers rewards and recognition through gifts and events upon attaining certain service milestones. As of December 31, 2025, over 350 of our employees had celebrated 20 years or more of service. Our dedication to results-driven performance earned us the recognition of the top-ranked performing bank in the $50 billion and above asset category in Bank Director’s 2025 Ranking Banking study, and top three in the American Banker’s 2025 list of top-performing banks with more than $50 billion of assets.

Employee compensation packages include a competitive base salary and, subject to Company and individual performance, may include an annual cash and/or stock incentive bonus. As part of our commitment to fair and equitable compensation programs, we regularly assess the current business environment and labor markets to review our compensation and benefits program for pay equity. The Bank maintains a deferred compensation plan and matches 75% of the U.S. employees’ contributions up to the first 6% of their eligible compensation. See Item 7. MD&A — Results of Operations — Noninterest Expense in this Form 10-K for further discussion of compensation and employee benefits expense.

To foster a strong sense of ownership and to align the interests of our employees with our stockholders, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) are awarded to eligible employees under our stock incentive programs. We also award stock grants under our “Spirit of Ownership” program to all our employees, regardless of job title or part-time/full-time status. The program allows each employee to share directly in the Company’s success. In 2025, the Company granted over 560 thousand RSUs as part of its stock compensation programs.

Health and Well-being

We are committed to supporting our employees’ well-being by offering flexible and competitive benefits. We offer a hybrid schedule to promote flexibility and enhance productivity. Comprehensive health insurance coverage (medical, dental and vision) is offered to employees working at least 30 hours each week. We further demonstrate our commitment to employee well-being by absorbing the increases in our employees’ health benefits. We offer life insurance, disability insurance, parental leave, wellness and benefits programs designed to assist employees in maintaining a healthy work-life balance, paid time off such as vacation hours, and 10 days of annual sick time, which is more than the required allotment from any of the states in which we do business. We also offer an Employee Assistance Program, which aids benefits-eligible employees and their household members with personal and professional issues. We apply a consistent approach towards employee policies, opportunities, benefits, and protections to all employees regardless of their locations, except if there are contradictions with applicable laws and regulations.

Commitment to Community

We are committed to making positive and lasting impacts in our communities through our business activities and our volunteer and charitable efforts. We engage in meaningful and effective programs that help increase homeownership, preserve affordable housing, promote wealth building, enable greater access to banking services and help alleviate homelessness.

6

Information about our Executive Officers

The following table presents the Company’s executive officers’ names, ages, positions and offices, and business experience during the last five years as of February 27, 2026. There is no family relationship between any of the Company’s executive officers or directors. The Board of Directors of the Company appointed each of the executive officers.

Name Age  Positions and Offices, and Business Experience
Dominic Ng 67 Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Company and the Bank since 1992.
Douglas P. Krause 69 Vice Chairman and Chief Corporate Officer of the Company and the Bank since 2020; 2018 - 2020: Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary; 2010 - 2018: Executive Vice President, Chief Risk Officer and General Counsel.

Christopher J. Del Moral-Niles 55 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company and the Bank since October 2023; 2012 - 2022 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Associated Banc-Corp and Associated Bank, N.A.

Deborah Leerhsen
46 Executive Vice President and Head of Global Banking of the Company and the Bank since December 2024; 2023 - 2024: Executive General Manager, Institutional Banking & Markets at Commonwealth Bank of Australia; 2021 - 2023: Deputy Head of Asia & Oceania Corporate Banking, Hong Kong and Singapore at Mizuho Bank Ltd; 2019 - 2021: Head of Global Banking, Hong Kong at HSBC Holdings plc.

Irene H. Oh 48 Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer of the Company and the Bank since October 2023; 2010 - 2023: Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company and the Bank.
Parker Shi 56 Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of the Company and the Bank since December 2021; June 2021 - November 2021: Executive Vice President & Chief Strategy, Growth and Technology Officer; March 2021 - June 2021: Consultant of the Bank; 2020: Senior Advisor at PharmScript; 2018 - 2019: Senior Managing Director at Accenture; 2013 - 2018: Senior Partner at McKinsey & Company.

Gary Teo 53 Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer of the Company and the Bank since February 2022; 2015 - 2022: Senior Vice President and Head of Human Resources.

Supervision and Regulation

Overview

East West and the Bank are subject to regulations under U.S. federal and state laws. Regulation and supervision by the federal and state banking agencies are intended primarily for the protection of depositors, the Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”) administered by the FDIC, consumers, and the banking system as a whole, and not for the protection of our investors. As a bank holding company, East West is subject to primary regulation, supervision, and examination by the Federal Reserve under the BHC Act. The Bank is regulated, supervised, and examined by the Federal Reserve, the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation (“DFPI”), and, with respect to consumer laws, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”). East West Bank is a California state-chartered bank, and its deposits are insured by the FDIC. As the insurer of the Bank’s deposits, the FDIC also has back-up examination and other regulatory authority over the Bank. In addition, the Bank and its foreign subsidiaries and branches are regulated by the foreign regulatory agencies in the international jurisdictions where we have a presence, including the People’s Bank of China, China’s National Financial Regulatory Administration, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission, and the Monetary Authority of Singapore. East West also has a wholly-owned nonbank subsidiary, East West Markets, LLC ("East West Markets"), which is an SEC-registered broker-dealer and a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. ("FINRA"). East West Markets is subject to regulatory requirements from several regulatory bodies, including the SEC, FINRA, and state securities regulators.

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The Company is also subject to the disclosure and regulatory requirements under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the rules and regulations adopted by the SEC thereunder. Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the trading symbol “EWBC” and we are subject to Nasdaq rules for listed companies.

Described below are certain provisions of selected statutes and regulations that are applicable to East West and the Bank and that have a material impact on our business. The descriptions of these statutes and regulations are not intended to be complete, nor are they meant to fully address their effects and potential effects on East West and the Bank. The following descriptions are qualified in their entirety by reference to the full text of the statutes and regulations. A change in applicable statutes, regulations or regulatory policies may have a material effect on the Company’s business.

East West

As a bank holding company and pursuant to its election of financial holding company status, East West is subject to regulation, supervision, and examination by the Federal Reserve under the BHC Act. The BHC Act provides a federal framework for the regulation and supervision of bank holding companies and their nonbank subsidiaries. The BHC Act and other federal statutes grant the Federal Reserve authority to, among other things:

• require periodic reports and such additional information as the Federal Reserve may require;
• require bank holding companies to maintain certain levels of capital and restrict dividends and other distributions from bank holding companies and their subsidiaries (see the sections captioned “Regulatory Capital Requirements” and “Dividends and Other Transfers of Funds” included elsewhere under this item);
• require bank holding companies to serve as a source of financial and managerial strength to subsidiary banks and commit resources, as necessary, to support each subsidiary bank, including at times when bank holding companies may not be inclined to do so;
• require bank holding companies to terminate an activity or terminate control of or liquidate or divest certain nonbank subsidiaries, affiliates or investments if the Federal Reserve believes that the activity, ownership, or control of the nonbank subsidiary or affiliate constitutes a serious risk to the financial safety, soundness or stability of the bank holding company, or if the activity, ownership, or control is inconsistent with the purposes of the BHC Act;
• regulate provisions of certain bank holding company debt, including a bank holding company obtaining prior approval to purchase or redeem its securities in certain situations;
• approve in advance certain senior executive officer or director changes and prohibit certain golden parachute payments to officers and employees, including change in control agreements and new employment agreements, that are contingent upon termination; and
• approve in advance the acquisitions of and mergers with bank holding companies, banks and other financial companies, and consider competitive, managerial resources, financial stability and other factors in granting these approvals. DFPI approval may also be required for certain acquisitions and mergers involving a California state-chartered bank such as the Bank.

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East West has elected to be a financial holding company under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 (“GLBA”). Financial holding companies are generally allowed to engage in, or acquire and retain ownership in a company engaged in any activity that the Federal Reserve has determined to be financial in nature or incidental or complementary to activities that are financial in nature, without prior Federal Reserve approval. Activities that are considered financial in nature include securities underwriting and dealing, insurance agency and underwriting, merchant banking activities and activities that the Federal Reserve, in consultation with the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, determines to be financial in nature or incidental to such financial activity. To maintain financial holding company status and continue to be able to engage in new activities or investments that are financial in nature, a financial holding company and all its depository institution subsidiaries must be “well capitalized” and “well managed,” and the financial holding company’s depository institution subsidiaries must have Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”) ratings of at least “Satisfactory.” A depository institution subsidiary is considered “well capitalized” if it satisfies the requirements for this status discussed in the sections captioned “ Regulatory Capital Requirements ” and “ Prompt Corrective Action ,” included elsewhere under this item. A depository institution subsidiary is considered “well managed” if it received a composite rating and a management rating of at least “Satisfactory” in its most recent examination. See the section captioned “ Community Reinvestment Act ” included elsewhere under this item.

The Bank and its Subsidiaries

East West Bank is subject to regulation and supervision governing, among other things, regulatory capital levels, the scope of its business, investments, reserves against deposits, the timing of the availability of deposited funds, and the nature and amount of collateral for certain loans. Bank regulatory agencies also have extensive discretion to impose various restrictions on management or operations and to issue policies and guidance in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities and examination policies.

Regulatory Capital Requirements

The federal banking agencies have imposed capital adequacy requirements, known as the Basel III Capital Rules, intended to ensure that banking organizations maintain capital that is commensurate with the degree of risk associated with their operations. The Basel III Capital Rules define the components of regulatory capital, including Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET1”), Tier 1 and 2 capital, and set forth minimum capital adequacy ratios of capital to risk-weighted assets and total assets. The Basel III Capital Rules also prescribe a standardized approach for risk-weighting assets and include a number of risk-weighting categories that affect the denominator in banking institutions’ regulatory capital ratios.

Under the Basel III Capital Rules, to be considered adequately capitalized, standardized approach banking organizations, such as the Company and the Bank are required to maintain minimum capital ratios of at least 4.5% CET1 capital to risk-weighted assets, 6.0% Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, 8.0% total risk-based capital (i.e., Tier 1 plus Tier 2 capital) to risk-weighted assets and a 4.0% Tier 1 leverage ratio of Tier 1 capital to average total consolidated assets. The Basel III Capital Rules also include a “capital conservation buffer” of 2.5% on top of each of the minimum risk-based capital ratios. Banking institutions with a risk-based capital ratio that meets or exceeds the minimum requirement but does not exceed the capital conservation buffer will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases and discretionary bonus payments based on the amount of the shortfall. As of December 31, 2025, the Company’s and the Bank’s capital ratios exceeded the minimum capital adequacy requirements of the federal banking agencies, including the capital conservation buffer, and the Company and the Bank were classified as “well capitalized.” For additional discussion and disclosure see Item 7. MD&A — Regulatory Capital and Ratios and Note 16 — Regulatory Requirements and Matters to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K.

The Bank is also subject to additional capital requirements under the Prompt Corrective Action (“PCA”) regulations that implement Section 38 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (“FDIA”), as discussed below under the Prompt Corrective Action section.

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Prompt Corrective Action

The FDIA, as amended, requires federal banking agencies to take PCA with respect to insured depository institutions (“IDIs”) that do not meet minimum capital requirements. The FDIA includes the following five capital tiers: “well capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized” and “critically undercapitalized.” A depository institution’s capital tier will depend upon how its capital levels compare with various relevant capital measures and certain other factors, as established by regulations. The capital tiers in the PCA framework do not apply directly to bank holding companies (such as the Company); however, the Federal Reserve is authorized to take action at the bank holding company level based on the undercapitalized status of the bank holding company’s subsidiary banking institution. Under the federal banking agencies’ regulations implementing the PCA provisions of the FDIA, an IDI (such as the Bank) generally is classified in the following categories based on the capital measures indicated:

Risk-Based Capital Ratios
PCA Category Total Capital Tier 1 Capital CET1 Capital Tier 1 Leverage
Well capitalized (1)
≥ 10% ≥ 8% ≥ 6.5% ≥ 5%
Adequately capitalized ≥ 8% ≥ 6% ≥ 4.5% ≥ 4%
Undercapitalized < 8% < 6% < 4.5% < 4%
Significantly undercapitalized < 6% < 4% < 3.0% < 3%
Critically undercapitalized Tangible equity/Total assets ≤ 2%

(1) Additionally, to be classified as “well capitalized”, an IDI may not be subject to any written agreement, order, capital directive, or PCA directive issued by its primary federal regulator to meet and maintain a specific capital level for any capital measure.

An institution may be downgraded to, or deemed to be in, a capital category that is lower than indicated by its capital ratios, if it is determined to be in an unsafe or unsound condition or if it receives an unsatisfactory examination rating with respect to certain matters. A bank’s capital category is determined solely for the purpose of applying PCA regulations and the capital category may not constitute an accurate representation of the bank’s overall financial condition or prospects for other purposes.

The FDIA generally prohibits a depository institution from making any capital distributions (including payment of any dividend) or paying any management fee to its parent holding company, if the depository institution would thereafter be “undercapitalized.” Undercapitalized institutions are subject to growth limitations and are required to submit capital restoration plans. If a depository institution fails to submit an acceptable plan, it is treated as if it is “significantly undercapitalized.” Significantly undercapitalized depository institutions may be subject to several requirements and restrictions, including orders to sell sufficient voting stock to become “adequately capitalized,” requirements to reduce total assets, cessation of receipt of deposits from correspondent banks and/or restrictions on interest rates paid on deposits. “Critically undercapitalized” institutions are subject to the appointment of a receiver or conservator. The FDIA also generally permits only “well capitalized” IDIs to accept brokered deposits, although an “adequately capitalized” institution may apply to the FDIC for a waiver of this restriction.

Stress Testing

Under the enhanced prudential standards adopted by the Federal Reserve, bank holding companies with $100 billion or more in total assets are subject to supervisory capital stress tests and internal liquidity stress testing requirements. Although the Company and the Bank are not required to conduct capital or liquidity stress tests, we conduct annual capital and quarterly liquidity stress tests as part of our risk management processes.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Supervision

The Dodd-Frank Act established the CFPB, which has the authority to implement, examine and enforce compliance with federal consumer financial laws that apply to banking institutions with total consolidated assets exceeding $10 billion (such as the Bank) and their affiliates. The CFPB has historically focused its supervisory, examination, and enforcement efforts on, among other things:
• risks to consumers and compliance with federal consumer financial laws when evaluating the policies and practices of a financial institution;
• unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices;
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• rulemaking to implement various federal consumer statutes such as the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, Truth in Lending Act, Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, Electronic Fund Transfer Act, Equal Credit Opportunity Act, Fair Credit Billing Act, and the Consumer Financial Protection Act; and
• the markets in which firms operate and risks to consumers posed by activities in those markets.