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10-K – 2026-02-18 – pcar-20251231.htm
In August 2021, PACCAR Financial Mexico registered a 10.00 billion Mexican peso program with the Comision Nacional Bancaria y de Valores to issue medium-term notes and commercial paper. The registration expires in August 2026 and limits the amount of commercial paper (up to one year) to 5.00 billion Mexican pesos. At December 31, 2025, 6.00 billion Mexican pesos were available for issuance. In August 2018, the Company’s Australian subsidiary, PACCAR Financial Pty. Ltd. (PFPL Australia), established a medium-term note program. The program does not limit the principal amount of debt securities that may be issued under the program. The total amount of medium-term notes outstanding for PFPL Australia as of December 31, 2025 was 900.0 million Australian dollars. In May 2021, the Company’s Canadian subsidiary, PACCAR Financial Ltd. (PFL Canada), established a medium-term note program. The program does not limit the principal amount of debt securities that may be issued under the program. There were no borrowings under this program as of December 31, 2025. The Company’s Brazilian subsidiary, Banco PACCAR S.A., established a lending program in December 2021 with the local development bank, Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Economico e Social (BNDES), for qualified customers to receive preferential conditions and generally market interest rates. This program is limited to 2.51 billion Brazilian reais and has 1.03 billion Brazilian reais outstanding as of December 31, 2025. The Brazilian subsidiary also established a Letra Financeira (LF) program in May 2024 and the program does not limit the principal amount of debt securities that may be issued under the program. A total of 500.0 million Brazilian reais medium-term notes were outstanding as of December 31, 2025. The Company believes its cash balances and investments, collections on existing finance receivables, committed bank facilities, and current investment-grade credit ratings of A+/A1 will continue to provide it with sufficient resources and access to capital markets at competitive interest rates and therefore contribute to the Company maintaining its liquidity and financial stability. In the event of a decrease in the Company’s credit ratings or a disruption in the financial markets, the Company may not be able to refinance its maturing debt in the financial markets. In such circumstances, the Company would be exposed to liquidity risk to the degree that the timing of debt maturities differs from the timing of receivable collections from customers. The Company believes its various sources of liquidity, including committed bank facilities, would continue to provide it with sufficient funding resources to service its maturing debt obligations. Commitments The following summarizes the Company’s contractual cash commitments at December 31, 2025: MATURITY ($ in millions) WITHIN 1 YEAR 1-3 YEARS 3-5 YEARS MORE THAN 5 YEARS TOTAL Borrowings* $ 8,289.9 $ 5,655.5 $ 1,370.4 $ 350.1 $ 15,665.9 Interest on debt** 445.2 472.9 94.8 61.3 1,074.2 Purchase obligations 104.7 182.3 161.1 41.5 489.6 Lease liabilities 22.5 29.3 11.2 9.0 72.0 Other obligations 93.2 4.6 .5 6.9 105.2 $ 8,955.5 $ 6,344.6 $ 1,638.0 $ 468.8 $ 17,406.9 * Commercial paper included in borrowings is at par value. ** Interest on floating-rate debt is based on the applicable market rates at December 31, 2025. Total cash commitments for borrowings and interest on term debt were $16.74 billion and were related to the Financial Services segment. As described in Note J of the consolidated financial statements, borrowings consist primarily of term notes and commercial paper issued by the Financial Services segment. The Company expects to fund its maturing Financial Services debt obligations principally from funds provided by collections from customers on loans and lease contracts, as well as from the proceeds of commercial paper and medium-term note borrowings. Purchase obligations are the Company’s contractual commitments to acquire future production inventory and capital equipment. Other obligations primarily include commitments for commodities. 29 The Company’s other commitments include the following at December 31, 2025: COMMITMENT EXPIRATION ($ in millions) WITHIN 1 YEAR 1-3 YEARS 3-5 YEARS MORE THAN 5 YEARS TOTAL Loan and lease commitments $ 812.4 $ 812.4 Residual value guarantees 289.7 $ 303.9 $ 70.4 $ 10.1 674.1 Letters of credit 9.8 4.3 .4 15.0 29.5 $ 1,111.9 $ 308.2 $ 70.8 $ 25.1 $ 1,516.0 Loan and lease commitments are for funding new retail loan and lease contracts. Residual value guarantees represent the Company’s commitment to acquire trucks at a guaranteed value if the customer decides to return the truck at a specified date in the future. IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS: The Company, its competitors and industry in general are subject to various domestic and foreign requirements relating to the environment and greenhouse gases. The statutory and regulatory requirements governing greenhouse gas and non-greenhouse gas emissions are included in Item 1A, “Risk Factors – Emissions Requirements and Reduction Targets.” The Company believes its policies, practices and procedures are designed to prevent unreasonable risk of environmental damage and that its handling, use and disposal of hazardous or toxic substances have been in accordance with environmental laws and regulations in effect at the time such use and disposal occurred. The Company is involved in various stages of investigations and cleanup actions in different countries related to environmental matters. In certain of these matters, the Company has been designated as a “potentially responsible party” by domestic and foreign environmental agencies. The Company has accrued the estimated costs to investigate and complete cleanup actions where it is probable that the Company will incur such costs in the future. Expenditures related to environmental activities in the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $1.5 million and $4.4 million, respectively. While the timing and amount of the ultimate costs associated with future environmental cleanup cannot be determined, management expects that these matters will not have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated cash flow, liquidity or financial condition. 30 RECONCILIATION OF GAAP TO NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES: This Form 10-K includes “adjusted net income (non-GAAP)” and “adjusted net income per diluted share (non-GAAP)”, which are financial measures that are not in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), since they exclude a charge for EC-related claims. These measures differ from the most directly comparable measures calculated in accordance with GAAP and may not be comparable to similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies. In addition, the Form 10-K includes the financial ratios noted below calculated on non-GAAP measures. Adjustment for the EC-related claims relates to a pre-tax charge of $350.0 million ($264.5 million after-tax) for estimable total costs recorded in Interest and other expenses (income), net in the first quarter 2025. The Company utilizes these non-GAAP measures to allow investors and management to evaluate operating trends by excluding a significant charge that is not representative of company performance. Reconciliations from the most directly comparable GAAP measures to adjusted net income (non-GAAP) and adjusted net income per diluted shares (non-GAAP) are as follows: ($ in millions, except per share amounts) Year Ended December 31, 2025 Net income $ 2,375.8 EC-related claims, net of taxes 264.5 Adjusted net income (non-GAAP) $ 2,640.3 Per diluted share Net income $ 4.51 EC-related claims, net of taxes .50 Adjusted net income (non-GAAP) $ 5.01 After-tax return on revenues 8.4 % EC-related claims, net of taxes .9 % After-tax adjusted return on revenues (non-GAAP) * 9.3 % Tax rate Effective tax rate 21.4 % EC-related claims .3 % Adjusted effective tax rate (non-GAAP) ** 21.7 % After-tax return on beginning equity 13.6 % EC-related claims, net of taxes 1.5 % After-tax adjusted return on beginning equity (non-GAAP) * 15.1 % * Calculated using adjusted net income. ** Calculated using adjusted pre-tax net income. 31 CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES: The Company’s significant accounting policies are disclosed in Note A of the consolidated financial statements. In the preparation of the Company’s financial statements, in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, management uses estimates and makes judgments and assumptions that affect asset and liability values and the amounts reported as income and expense during the periods presented. The following are accounting policies which, in the opinion of management, are particularly sensitive and which, if actual results are different from estimates used by management, may have a material impact on the financial statements. Operating Leases Trucks sold pursuant to agreements accounted for as operating leases are disclosed in Note F of the consolidated financial statements. In determining its estimate of the residual value of such vehicles, the Company considers the length of the lease term, the truck model, the expected usage of the truck and anticipated market demand. Operating lease terms generally range from three to five years. The resulting residual values on operating leases generally range between 30% and 70% of the original equipment cost. If the sales price of a truck at the end of the term of the agreement differs from the Company’s estimated residual value, a gain or loss will result. Future market conditions, changes in government regulations and other factors outside the Company’s control could impact the ultimate sales price of trucks returned under these contracts. Residual values are reviewed regularly and adjusted if market conditions warrant. A decrease in the estimated equipment residual values would increase annual depreciation expense over the remaining lease term. During 2025, market values on equipment returning upon operating lease maturity were generally lower than the residual values on the equipment in Europe and higher in Mexico, the U.S. and Australia, resulting in an increase in depreciation expense of $16.2 million. At December 31, 2025, the aggregate residual value of equipment on operating leases in the Financial Services segment and residual value guarantee on trucks accounted for as operating leases in the Truck segment was $1.12 billion. A 10% decrease in used truck values worldwide, if expected to persist over the remaining maturities of the Company’s operating leases, would reduce residual value estimates and result in the Company recording additional depreciation expense of approximately $31.5 million in 2026, $21.8 million in 2027, $29.6 million in 2028, $22.0 million in 2029, and $6.8 million in 2030 and thereafter. Allowance for Credit Losses The allowance for credit losses related to the Company’s loans and finance leases is disclosed in Note E of the consolidated financial statements. The Company has developed a systematic methodology for determining the allowance for credit losses for its two portfolio segments, retail and wholesale. The retail segment consists of retail loans and sales-type finance leases, net of unearned interest. The wholesale segment consists of truck inventory financing loans to dealers that are collateralized by trucks and other collateral. The wholesale segment generally has less risk than the retail segment. Wholesale receivables generally are shorter in duration than retail receivables, and the Company requires periodic reporting of the wholesale dealer’s financial condition, conducts periodic audits of the trucks being financed and, in many cases, obtains guarantees or other security such as dealership assets. In determining the allowance for credit losses, retail loans and finance leases are evaluated together since they relate to a similar customer base, their contractual terms require regular payment of principal and interest, generally over three to five years, and they are secured by the same type of collateral. The allowance for credit losses consists of both specific and general reserves. The Company individually evaluates certain finance receivables for expected credit losses. Finance receivables that are evaluated individually consist of all wholesale accounts and certain large retail accounts with past due balances or otherwise determined to be at a higher risk of loss. In general, finance receivables that are 90 days past due are placed on non-accrual status. Finance receivables on non-accrual status which have been performing for 90 consecutive days are placed on accrual status if it is deemed probable that the Company will collect all principal and interest payments. Individually evaluated receivables on non-accrual status are generally considered collateral dependent. Large balance retail and all wholesale receivables on non-accrual status are individually evaluated for loss based on the value of the underlying collateral or a discounted cash flow analysis. Small balance receivables on non-accrual status with similar risk characteristics are evaluated as a separate pool to determine the appropriate reserve for losses using the historical loss information discussed below. 32 The Company evaluates finance receivables that are not individually evaluated and share similar risk characteristics on a collective basis and determines the general allowance for credit losses for both retail and wholesale receivables based on historical loss information, using past due account data, current market conditions, and expected changes in future macroeconomic conditions that affect collectability. Historical credit loss data provides relevant information of expected credit losses. The historical information used includes assumptions regarding the likelihood of collecting current and past due accounts, repossession rates, and the recovery rate on the underlying collateral based on used truck values and other pledged collateral or recourse. The Company has developed a range of loss estimates for each of its country portfolios based on historical experience, taking into account loss frequency and severity in both strong and weak truck market conditions. A projection is made of the range of estimated credit losses inherent in the portfolio from which an amount is determined based on current market conditions and other factors impacting the creditworthiness of the Company’s borrowers and their ability to repay. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for changes in forecasted economic conditions that are specific to the industry and markets in which the Company conducts business. The Company utilizes economic forecasts from third-party sources and determines expected losses based on historical experience under similar market conditions. After determining the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses, a provision for losses on finance receivables is charged to income as necessary to reflect management’s estimate of expected credit losses, net of recoveries, inherent in the portfolio. The adequacy of the allowance is evaluated quarterly based on the most recent past due account information and current and future market conditions. As accounts become past due, the likelihood that they will not be fully collected increases. The Company’s experience indicates the probability of not fully collecting past due accounts ranges between 10% and 90%. Over the past two years, the Company’s year-end 30+ days past due accounts have ranged between 1.3% and 2.4% of loan and lease receivables. Historically, a 100 basis point increase in the 30+ days past due percentage has resulted in an increase in credit losses of 4 to 26 basis points of receivables. At December 31, 2025, 30+ days past dues were 2.4%. If past dues were 100 basis points higher or 3.4% as of December 31, 2025, the Company’s estimate of credit losses would likely have increased by a range of $7 to $40 million depending on the extent of the past dues, the estimated value of the collateral as compared to amounts owed and general economic factors. Product Warranty Product warranty, including changes in estimates for pre-existing warranties, is disclosed in Note I of the consolidated financial statements. The expenses related to product warranty are estimated and recorded at the time products are sold based on historical and current data and reasonable expectations for the future regarding the frequency and cost of warranty claims, net of recoveries. Estimates consider product type, geographical differences, labor rates, and any other known factors affecting the number or amount of expected claim payments. For new products with no historical experience, reference to similar products is utilized. Management takes actions to minimize warranty costs through quality-improvement programs; however, actual claim costs incurred could materially differ from the estimated amounts and require adjustments to the reserve. Historically, those adjustments have not been material. Over the past two years, warranty expense as a percentage of Truck, Parts and Other net sales and revenues has ranged between 2.5% and 2.8%. If the 2025 warranty expense had been .2% higher as a percentage of net sales and revenues in 2025, warranty expense would have increased by approximately $52 million. FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS: This report contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include statements relating to future results of operations or financial position and any other statement that does not relate to any historical or current fact. Such statements are based on currently available operating, financial and other information and are subject to risks and uncertainties that may affect actual results. Risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to: a significant decline in industry sales; competitive pressures; reduced market share; reduced availability of or higher prices for fuel; increased safety, emissions, or other regulations or tariffs resulting in higher costs and/or sales restrictions; currency or commodity price fluctuations; lower used truck prices; insufficient or under-utilization of manufacturing capacity; supplier interruptions; insufficient liquidity in the capital markets; fluctuations in interest rates; changes in the levels of the Financial Services segment new business volume due to unit fluctuations in new PACCAR truck sales or reduced market shares; changes affecting the profitability of truck owners and operators; price changes impacting truck sales prices and residual values; insufficient supplier capacity or access to raw materials and components, including semiconductors; labor disruptions; shortages of commercial truck drivers; increased warranty costs; cybersecurity risks to the Company’s information technology systems; use of artificial intelligence and machine learning in business processes; pandemics; climate-related risks; global conflicts; litigation, including EC settlement-related claims; or legislative and governmental regulations. A more detailed description of these and other risks is included under the heading Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and in Note L in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 33 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITAT IVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK. Currencies are presented in millions for the market risks and derivative instruments sections below. Interest-Rate Risks - See Note P for a description of the Company’s hedging programs and exposure to interest rate fluctuations. The Company measures its interest-rate risk by estimating the amount by which the fair value of interest-rate sensitive assets and liabilities, including derivative financial instruments, would change assuming an immediate 100 basis point increase across the yield curve as shown in the following table: Fair Value (Losses) Gains 2025 2024 CONSOLIDATED: Assets Cash equivalents and marketable debt securities $ (58.6 ) $ (49.6 ) FINANCIAL SERVICES: Assets Fixed rate loans (179.8 ) (157.7 ) Interest-rate swaps related to debt (35.1 ) Liabilities Fixed rate term debt 202.3 198.9 Interest-rate swaps related to debt (22.0 ) Total $ (58.1 ) $ (43.5 ) Currency Risks - The Company enters into foreign currency exchange contracts to hedge its exposure to exchange rate fluctuations of foreign currencies, particularly the Canadian dollar, the euro, the British pound, the Australian dollar, the Brazilian real and the Mexican peso (see Note P for additional information concerning these hedges) . Based on the Company’s sensitivity analysis, the potential loss in fair value for such financial instruments from a 10% unfavorable change in quoted foreign currency exchange rates would be a loss of $96.8 related to contracts outstanding at December 31, 2025, compared to a loss of $126.3 at December 31, 2024. These amounts would be largely offset by changes in the values of the underlying hedged exposures. Commodity Price Risks - The Company enters into commodity forward contracts to hedge the prices of certain commodities used in the production of trucks (see Note P for additional information concerning these hedges) . The objective is to reduce the fluctuation in earnings and cash flows associated with adverse movement in commodity prices. Based on the Company’s sensitivity analysis, the potential loss in fair value for such financial instruments from a 10% unfavorable change in quoted commodity prices would be $.9 related to contracts outstanding at December 31, 2025, compared to a loss of nil at December 31, 2024. The Company had no commodity contracts at December 31, 2024. , 34 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMEN TS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA. CONSOLIDATED STAT EMENTS OF INCOME Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 (millions, except per share data) TRUCK, PARTS AND OTHER: Net sales and revenues $ 26,235.1 $ 31,564.3 $ 33,315.5 Cost of sales and revenues 22,736.7 26,069.6 26,894.2 Research and development 445.5 452.9 410.9 Selling, general and administrative 576.6 585.0 604.3 Interest and other expenses (income), net 284.3 ( 113.8 ) 520.4 24,043.1 26,993.7 28,429.8 Truck, Parts and Other Income Before Income Taxes 2,192.0 4,570.6 4,885.7 FINANCIAL SERVICES: Interest and fees 1,428.7 1,295.9 1,009.3 Operating lease, rental and other revenues 781.0 803.6 802.6 Revenues 2,209.7 2,099.5 1,811.9 Interest and other borrowing expenses 783.0 710.8 500.6 Depreciation and other expenses 657.6 718.5 590.7 Selling, general and administrative 159.2 159.0 149.0 Provision for losses on receivables 124.5 75.6 31.3 1,724.3 1,663.9 1,271.6 Financial Services Income Before Income Taxes 485.4 435.6 540.3 Investment income 346.1 394.7 292.2 Total Income Before Income Taxes 3,023.5 5,400.9 5,718.2 Income taxes 647.7 1,238.9 1,117.4 Net Income $ 2,375.8 $ 4,162.0 $ 4,600.8 Net Income Per Share Basic $ 4.52 $ 7.92 $ 8.78 Diluted $ 4.51 $ 7.90 $ 8.76 Weighted Average Number of Common Shares Outstanding Basic 525.9 525.3 523.9 Diluted 526.8 526.6 525.0 See notes to consolidated financial statements. 35 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 (millions) Net income $ 2,375.8 $ 4,162.0 $ 4,600.8 Other comprehensive income: Unrealized (losses) gains on derivative contracts Net (loss) gain arising during the period ( 214.7 ) 261.1 ( 174.9 ) Tax effect 45.9 ( 56.9 ) 37.0 Reclassification adjustment 175.6 ( 200.2 ) 111.8 Tax effect ( 35.9 ) 39.5 ( 20.0 ) ( 29.1 ) 43.5 ( 46.1 ) Unrealized gains on marketable debt securities Net holding gain 25.5 20.6 43.2 Tax effect ( 6.3 ) ( 5.1 ) ( 10.8 ) Reclassification adjustment 1.0 ( 3.0 ) ( 3.6 ) Tax effect ( .3 ) .7 .9 19.9 13.2 29.7 Pension plans Net gain (loss) arising during the period 272.7 230.3 ( 5.8 ) Tax effect ( 65.4 ) ( 57.2 ) 1.8 Reclassification adjustment 5.3 8.6 6.1 Tax effect ( 1.4 ) ( 1.7 ) ( 1.5 ) 211.2 180.0 .6 Foreign currency translation gain (loss) 574.6 ( 656.1 ) 275.3 Net other comprehensive income (loss) 776.6 ( 419.4 ) 259.5 Comprehensive Income $ 3,152.4 $ 3,742.6 $ 4,860.3 See notes to consolidated financial statements. 36 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS December 31, 2025 2024 (millions) ASSETS TRUCK, PARTS AND OTHER: Current Assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 6,046.0 $ 6,871.1 Trade and other receivables, net (allowance for losses: 2025 - $ 1.5 , 2024 - $ 1.2 ) 1,981.1 1,933.8 Marketable securities 3,207.7 2,778.8 Inventories, net 2,187.5 2,367.1 Other current assets 903.9 751.2 Total Truck, Parts and Other Current Assets 14,326.2 14,702.0 Property, plant and equipment, net 4,505.3 3,985.6 Other noncurrent assets, net 2,701.3 2,319.8 Total Truck, Parts and Other Assets 21,532.8 21,007.4 FINANCIAL SERVICES: Cash and cash equivalents 261.9 189.7 Finance and other receivables, net (allowance for losses: 2025 - $ 192.9 , 2024 - $ 145.2 ) 19,754.5 19,314.3 Equipment on operating leases, net 1,868.6 1,891.4 Other assets 918.4 1,016.1 Total Financial Services Assets 22,803.4 22,411.5 $ 44,336.2 $ 43,418.9 37 CONSOLIDATED B ALANCE SHEETS December 31, 2025 2024 (millions) LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY TRUCK, PARTS AND OTHER: Current Liabilities Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other $ 4,876.3 $ 4,805.1 Dividend payable 735.8 1,573.8 Total Truck, Parts and Other Current Liabilities 5,612.1 6,378.9 Other liabilities 2,278.8 1,954.3 Total Truck, Parts and Other Liabilities 7,890.9 8,333.2 FINANCIAL SERVICES: Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other 907.7 1,106.4 Commercial paper and bank loans 4,989.5 6,003.8 Term notes 10,646.8 9,891.2 Deferred taxes and other liabilities 637.3 577.4 Total Financial Services Liabilities 17,181.3 17,578.8 STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY: Preferred stock, no par value - authorized 1.0 million shares, none issued Common stock, $ 1 par value - authorized 1.2 billion shares, issued 525.4 million and 524.4 million shares 525.4 524.4 Additional paid-in capital 379.2 344.8 Retained earnings 18,696.1 17,751.0 Accumulated other comprehensive loss ( 336.7 ) ( 1,113.3 ) Total Stockholders' Equity 19,264.0 17,506.9 $ 44,336.2 $ 43,418.9 See notes to consolidated financial statements. 38 CONSOLIDATED STATEM ENTS OF CASH FLOWS Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 (millions) OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net Income $ 2,375.8 $ 4,162.0 $ 4,600.8 Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operations: Depreciation and amortization: Property, plant and equipment 398.2 398.4 415.0 Other assets, net 429.2 518.5 508.9 Provision for losses on financial services receivables 124.5 75.6 31.3 Deferred taxes 333.1 ( 79.3 ) ( 303.7 ) Other, net 60.7 26.3 46.5 Pension contributions ( 24.5 ) ( 40.8 ) ( 27.3 ) Change in operating assets and liabilities: Decrease (increase) in assets other than cash and cash equivalents: Receivables: Trade and other receivables 102.0 156.9 ( 430.7 ) Wholesale receivables on new trucks 1,007.1 ( 478.7 ) ( 1,266.4 ) Inventories 296.4 42.5 ( 350.7 ) Other assets, net ( 102.0 ) ( 149.3 ) ( 127.2 ) (Decrease) increase in liabilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses ( 432.6 ) 279.4 375.8 Residual value guarantees and deferred revenues ( 36.5 ) ( .8 ) ( 36.8 ) Other liabilities, net ( 115.6 ) ( 269.8 ) 754.5 Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities 4,415.8 4,640.9 4,190.0 INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Originations of retail loans and finance leases ( 6,114.9 ) ( 6,666.7 ) ( 6,378.2 ) Collections on retail loans and finance leases 5,100.9 4,840.1 4,330.4 Net increase in wholesale receivables on equipment ( 4.9 ) ( 512.1 ) ( 29.1 ) Purchases of marketable debt securities ( 1,785.3 ) ( 2,068.7 ) ( 967.2 ) Proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable debt securities 1,448.0 1,103.2 803.6 Payments for property, plant and equipment ( 743.0 ) ( 838.7 ) ( 695.0 ) Acquisitions of equipment for operating leases ( 643.6 ) ( 906.9 ) ( 567.5 ) Proceeds from asset disposals 680.8 696.1 614.5 Contributions to joint venture ( 201.8 ) ( 207.6 ) Other, net ( 3.4 ) 74.0 17.5 Net Cash Used in Investing Activities ( 2,267.2 ) ( 4,487.3 ) ( 2,871.0 ) FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Payments of cash dividends ( 2,267.1 ) ( 2,288.5 ) ( 1,518.6 ) Purchases of treasury stock ( 36.1 ) ( 4.5 ) ( 3.5 ) Proceeds from stock compensation transactions 43.4 51.9 51.5 Net (decrease) increase in commercial paper, short-term bank loans and other ( 1,132.8 ) 699.9 1,721.0 Proceeds from term debt 3,146.1 3,891.2 3,085.0 Payments on term debt ( 2,835.9 ) ( 2,473.1 ) ( 2,233.2 ) Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Financing Activities ( 3,082.4 ) ( 123.1 ) 1,102.2 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents 180.9 ( 151.4 ) 69.6 Net (Decrease) Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents ( 752.9 ) ( 120.9 ) 2,490.8 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 7,060.8 7,181.7 4,690.9 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 6,307.9 $ 7,060.8 $ 7,181.7 See notes to consolidated financial statements. 39 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY December 31, 2025 2024 2023 (millions, except per share data) COMMON STOCK, $1 PAR VALUE: Balance at beginning of year $ 524.4 $ 523.3 $ 522.0 Treasury stock retirement ( .4 ) Stock compensation 1.4 1.1 1.3 Balance at end of year 525.4 524.4 523.3 ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL: Balance at beginning of year 344.8 269.1 196.1 Treasury stock retirement ( 35.7 ) ( 4.5 ) ( 3.5 ) Stock compensation 70.1 80.2 76.5 Balance at end of year 379.2 344.8 269.1 TREASURY STOCK, AT COST: Balance at beginning of year Purchases, shares: 2025 - .39 ; 2024 - .04 ; 2023 - .05 ( 36.1 ) ( 4.5 ) ( 3.5 ) Retirements 36.1 4.5 3.5 Balance at end of year RETAINED EARNINGS: Balance at beginning of year 17,751.0 15,780.3 13,402.4 Net income 2,375.8 4,162.0 4,600.8 Cash dividends declared on common stock, per share: 2025 - $ 2.72 ; 2024 - $ 4.17 ; 2023 - $ 4.24 ( 1,430.7 ) ( 2,191.3 ) ( 2,222.9 ) Balance at end of year 18,696.1 17,751.0 15,780.3 ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS: Balance at beginning of year ( 1,113.3 ) ( 693.9 ) ( 953.4 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) 776.6 ( 419.4 ) 259.5 Balance at end of year ( 336.7 ) ( 1,113.3 ) ( 693.9 ) Total Stockholders’ Equity $ 19,264.0 $ 17,506.9 $ 15,878.8 See notes to consolidated financial statements. 40 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) A. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Description of Operations: PACCAR Inc (the Company or PACCAR) is a multinational company operating in three principal segments: (1) the Truck segment includes the design and manufacture of high-quality, light-, medium- and heavy-duty commercial trucks; (2) the Parts segment includes the distribution of aftermarket parts for trucks and related commercial vehicles; and (3) the Financial Services segment (PFS) includes finance and leasing products and services provided to customers and dealers. PACCAR’s finance and leasing activities are principally related to PACCAR products and associated equipment. PACCAR’s sales and revenues are derived primarily from North America and Europe. The Company also operates in Australia and Brasil and sells trucks and parts to customers in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and South America. Principles of Consolidation: The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned domestic and foreign subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates: The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Revenue Recognition: Truck, Parts and Other: The Company enters into sales contracts with customers associated with purchases of the Company’s products and services including trucks, parts, product support, and other related services. Generally, the Company recognizes revenue for the amount of consideration it will receive for delivering a product or service to a customer. Revenue is recognized when the customer obtains control of the product or receives benefits of the service. The Company excludes sales taxes, value added taxes and other related taxes assessed by government agencies from revenue. There are no significant financing components included in product or services revenue since generally customers pay shortly after the products or services are transferred. In the Truck and Parts segments, when the Company grants extended payment terms on selected receivables and charges interest, interest income is recognized when earned. The Company recognizes truck and parts sales as revenues when control of the products is transferred to customers which generally occurs upon shipment, except for certain truck sales which are subject to a residual value guarantee (RVG) by the Company. The standard payment term for trucks and aftermarket parts is typically within 30 days, but the Company may grant extended payment terms on selected receivables. The Company recognizes revenue for the invoice amount adjusted for estimated sales incentives and returns. Sales incentives and returns are estimated based on historical experience and are adjusted to current period revenue when the most likely amount of consideration the Company expects to receive changes or becomes fixed. Truck and parts sales include a standard product warranty which is included in cost of sales. The Company has elected to treat delivery services as a fulfillment activity with revenues recognized when the customer obtains control of the product. Delivery revenue is included in revenues and the related costs are included in cost of sales. For the Parts segment, revenue for remanufactured components (cores) is recognized using the same criteria as other parts sales. When a remanufactured part is sold, a deposit is collected that is repaid if the customer returns a core that meets certain specifications within a defined time period. The deposit received from the customer is recognized as a liability in "Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other" on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. When a customer returns a core, the deposit is repaid and the liability is reversed. The Company is not disclosing truck order backlog, as a significant majority of the backlog has a duration of less than one year. Truck sales with RVGs that allow customers the option to return their truck are accounted for as a sale when the customer does not have an economic incentive to return the truck to the Company, or as an operating lease when the customer does have an economic incentive to return the truck. The estimate of customers’ economic incentive to return the trucks is based on an analysis of historical guaranteed buyback value and estimated market value. When truck sales with RVGs are accounted for as a sale, revenue is recognized when the truck is transferred to the customer less an amount for expected returns. Expected returns are estimated by using a historical return rate. Aftermarket parts sales allow for returns which are estimated at the time of sale based on historical data. Parts dealer services and other revenues are recognized as services are performed. 41 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) The following table presents the balance sheet classification of the estimated value of the returned goods assets and the related return liabilities: At December 31, 2025 2024 ASSETS LIABILITIES ASSETS LIABILITIES Trucks Other current assets $ 83.1 $ 116.7 Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other $ 87.2 $ 121.7 Other noncurrent assets, net 195.2 135.9 Other liabilities 203.0 144.7 $ 278.3 $ 290.2 $ 252.6 $ 266.4 Parts Other current assets $ 97.0 $ 101.7 Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other $ 239.6 $ 244.4 $ 97.0 $ 239.6 $ 101.7 $ 244.4 The Company’s total commitment to acquire trucks at a guaranteed value for contracts accounted for as a sale wa s $ 628.5 at December 31, 2025. Revenues from extended warranties, operating leases and other include optional extended warranty and R&M service contracts which can be purchased for periods generally ranging up to five years . The Company defers revenue based on stand-alone observable selling prices when it receives payments in advance and generally recognizes the revenue on a straight-line basis over the warranty or R&M contract periods. See Note I, Product Support Liabilities, in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. Also included are truck sales with an RVG accounted for as an operating lease. A liability is created for the residual value obligation with the remainder of the proceeds recorded as deferred revenue. The deferred revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the guarantee period, which typically ranges from three to five years . Total operating lease revenue from truck sales with RVGs for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $ 16.9 , $ 32.6 and $ 69.7 , respectively. Intersegment eliminations and other consists of intersegment eliminations and other revenues not attributable to a reportable segment. Also included within this category was revenue from an industrial winch business through October 31, 2024. Winch sales were recognized when the product was transferred to a customer, which generally occurred upon shipment. Financial Services: The Company’s Financial Services segment products include loans to customers collateralized by the vehicles being financed, finance leases for retail customers and dealers, dealer wholesale financing which includes floating-rate wholesale loans to PACCAR dealers for new and used trucks, and operating leases which include rentals on Company owned equipment. Interest income from finance and other receivables is recognized using the interest method. Certain loan origination costs are deferred and amortized to interest income over the expected life of the contracts using the straight-line method which approximates the interest method. Operating lease rental revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Customer contracts may include additional services such as excess mileage, repair and maintenance and other services on which revenue is recognized when earned. The Company’s full-service lease arrangements bundle these additional services. Rents for full-service lease contracts are allocated between lease and non-lease components based on the relative stand-alone price of each component. Taxes, such as sales and use and value added, which are collected by the Company from a customer, are excluded from the measurement of lease income and expenses. Rental revenues for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were $ 617.3 , $ 660.7 and $ 736.9 , respectively. Depreciation and related leased unit operating expenses were $ 530.3 , $ 602.2 and $ 551.9 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. 42 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) Recognition of interest income and rental revenue is suspended (put on non-accrual status) when the receivable becomes more than 90 days past the contractual due date or earlier if some other event causes the Company to determine that collection is not probable. Accordingly, no finance receivables m ore than 90 days past due were accruing interest at December 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024. Recognition is resumed if the receivable becomes current by the payment of all amounts past due under the terms of the existing contract and collection of remaining amounts is considered probable (if not contractually modified) or if the customer makes scheduled payments for three months and collection of remaining amounts is considered probable (if contractually modified). Payments received while the finance receivable is on non-accrual status are applied to interest and principal in accordance with the contractual terms. Finance leases are secured by the trucks and related equipment being leased and the lease terms generally range fro m three to five years d epending on the type and use of the equipment. The lessee is required to either purchase the equipment or guarantee to the Company a stated residual value upon the disposition of the equipment at the end of the finance lease term. Operating lease terms generally range from three to five ye ars . At the end of the operating lease term, the lessee has the option to return the equipment to the Company or purchase the equipment at its fair market value. The Company determines its estimate of the residual value of leased vehicles by considering the length of the lease term, the truck model, the expected usage of the truck and anticipated market demand. If the sales price of the truck at the end of the agreement differs from the Company’s estimated residual value, a gain or loss will result. Future market conditions, changes in government regulations and other factors outside the Company’s control could impact the ultimate sales price of trucks returned under these contracts. Residual values are reviewed regularly and adjusted if market conditions warrant. Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash equivalents consist of liquid investments with a maturity at date of purchase of 90 days or less. Investments in Marketable Securities: Debt Securities: The Company’s investments in marketable debt securities are classified as available-for-sale. These investments are stated at fair value and may include an allowance for credit losses. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recognized in the current period earnings and any unrealized gains or losses, net of tax, are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI). The Company utilizes third-party pricing services for all of its marketable debt security valuations. The Company reviews the pricing methodology used by the third-party pricing services, including the manner employed to collect market information. On a quarterly basis, the Company also performs review and validation procedures on the pricing information received from the third-party providers. These procedures help ensure the fair value information used by the Company is determined in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. The Company evaluates its investment in marketable debt securities at the end of each reporting period to determine if a decline in fair value is the result of credit losses or unrealized losses. In assessing credit losses, the Company considers the collectability of principal and interest payments by monitoring changes to issuers’ credit ratings, specific credit events associated with individual issuers as well as the credit ratings of any financial guarantor. The Company considers its intent for selling the security and whether it is more likely than not the Company will be able to hold the security until the recovery of any credit losses and unrealized losses. Charges against the allowance for credit losses occur when a security with credit losses is sold or the Company no longer intends to hold that security. Equity Securities: Marketable equity securities are traded on active exchanges and are measured at fair value. The realized and unrealized gains (losses) are recognized in investment income. 43 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) Equity Method Investment: In 2024, PACCAR and three partners completed the formation of a U.S.-based battery manufacturing joint venture, Amplify Cell Technologies, with PACCAR owning a 30 percent interest. The joint venture meets the definition of a variable interest entity since the equity-at-risk is not currently sufficient to support the future operations of the joint venture. All significant decisions require majority or super-majority approval of the board. As a result, PACCAR is not the primary beneficiary and the Company uses the equity method to account for the investment. Under the equity method, the original investments in the joint venture are recorded at cost and subsequently adjusted by the Company's share of equity in income or losses. The investment is included in Truck, Parts and Other "Other noncurrent assets, net" on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. PACCAR's share of the loss is included in Truck, Parts and Other "Interest and other expenses (income), net" on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income. PACCAR contributed $ 201.8 and $ 207.6 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 , respectively and the maximum required contribution is $ 830.0 . The Company's equity method investment was $ 379.4 and $ 196.9 at December 31, 2025 and 2024 , respectively. Receivables: Trade and Other Receivables: The Company’s trade and other receivables are recorded at cost, net of allowances. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, trade and other receivables included trade receivables from dealers and customers of $ 1,615.3 and $ 1,538.0 and other receivables of $ 365.8 and $ 395.8 relating primarily to value added tax receivables and supplier allowances and rebates. Finance and Other Receivables: Loans – Loans represent fixed or floating-rate loans to customers or dealers collateralized by the vehicles purchased and are recorded at amortized cost. Finance leases – Finance leases are sales-type finance leases, which lease equipment to retail customers and dealers. These leases are reported as the sum of minimum lease payments receivable and estimated residual value of the property subject to the contracts, reduced by unearned interest. Dealer wholesale financing – Dealer wholesale financing is floating-rate wholesale loans to PACCAR dealers for new and used trucks and are recorded at amortized cost. The loans are collateralized by the trucks being financed. Operating lease receivables and other – Operating lease receivables and other include monthly rentals due on operating leases, unamortized loan and lease origination costs, interest on loans and other amounts due within one year in the normal course of business. Allowance for Credit Losses: Truck, Parts and Other: The Company historically has not experienced significant losses or past due amounts on trade and other receivables in its Truck, Parts and Other businesses. Accounts are considered past due once the unpaid balance is over 30 days outstanding based on contractual payment terms. Accounts are charged off against the allowance for credit losses when, in the judgment of management, they are considered uncollectible. The allowance for credit losses for Truck, Parts and Other was $ 1.5 and $ 1.2 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Net charge-offs were $ .1 for the year ended December 31, 2025 and nil for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Financial Services: The Company continuously monitors the payment performance of its finance receivables. For large retail finance customers and dealers with wholesale financing, the Company regularly reviews their financial statements and makes site visits and phone contact as appropriate. If the Company becomes aware of circumstances that could cause those customers or dealers to face financial difficulty, whether or not they are past due, the customers are placed on a watch list. The Company modifies loans and finance leases in the normal course of its Financial Services operations. The Company may modify loans and finance leases for commercial reasons or for credit reasons. Modifications for commercial reasons are changes to contract terms for customers that are not considered to be in financial difficulty. Insignificant delays are modifications extending terms up to three months for customers experiencing some short-term financial stress, but not considered to be in financial difficulty. Modifications for credit reasons are changes to contract terms for customers considered to be in financial difficulty. The Company’s modifications typically result in granting more time to pay the contractual amounts owed and charging a fee and interest for the term of the modification. 44 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) When considering whether to modify customer accounts for credit reasons, the Company evaluates the creditworthiness of the customers and modifies those accounts that the Company considers likely to perform under the modified terms. The Company does not typically grant credit modifications for customers that do not meet minimum underwriting standards since the Company normally repossesses the financed equipment in these circumstances. On average, commercial and other modifications extended contractual terms by approximately four months in both 2025 and 2024, and did not have a significant effect on the weighted-average term or interest rate of the total portfolio at December 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company has developed a systematic methodology for determining the allowance for credit losses for its two portfolio segments, retail and wholesale. The retail segment consists of retail loans and sales-type finance leases, net of unearned interest. The wholesale segment consists of truck inventory financing loans to dealers that are collateralized by trucks and other collateral. The wholesale segment generally has less risk than the retail segment. Wholesale receivables generally are shorter in duration than retail receivables, and the Company requires periodic reporting of the wholesale dealer’s financial condition, conducts periodic audits of the trucks being financed and in many cases, obtains guarantees or other security such as dealership assets. In determining the allowance for credit losses, retail loans and finance leases are evaluated together since they relate to a similar customer base, their contractual terms require regular payment of principal and interest, generally over three to five years , and they are secured by the same type of collateral. The allowance for credit losses consists of both specific and general reserves. The Company individually evaluates certain finance receivables for expected credit losses. Finance receivables that are evaluated individually consist of all wholesale accounts and certain large retail accounts with past due balances or otherwise determined to be at a higher risk of loss. In general, finance receivables that are 90 days past due are placed on non-accrual status. Finance receivables on non-accrual status which have been performing for 90 consecutive days are placed on accrual status if it is deemed probable that the Company will collect all principal and interest payments. Individually evaluated receivables on non-accrual status are generally considered collateral dependent. Large balance retail and all wholesale receivables on non-accrual status are individually evaluated for loss based on the value of the underlying collateral or a discounted cash flow analysis. Small balance receivables on non-accrual status with similar risk characteristics are evaluated as a separate pool to determine the appropriate reserve for losses using the historical loss information discussed below. The Company evaluates finance receivables that are not individually evaluated and share similar risk characteristics on a collective basis and determines the general allowance for credit losses for both retail and wholesale receivables based on historical loss information, using past due account data, current market conditions, and expected changes in future macroeconomic conditions that affect collectability. Historical credit loss data provides relevant information of expected credit losses. The historical information used includes assumptions regarding the likelihood of collecting current and past due accounts, repossession rates, and the recovery rate on the underlying collateral based on used truck values and other pledged collateral or recourse. The Company has developed a range of loss estimates for each of its country portfolios based on historical experience, taking into account loss frequency and severity in both strong and weak truck market conditions. A projection is made of the range of estimated credit losses inherent in the portfolio from which an amount is determined based on current market conditions and other factors impacting the creditworthiness of the Company’s borrowers and their ability to repay. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for changes in forecasted economic conditions that are specific to the industry and markets in which the Company conducts business. The Company utilizes economic forecasts from third-party sources and determines expected losses based on historical experience under similar market conditions. After determining the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses, a provision for losses on finance receivables is charged to income as necessary to reflect management’s estimate of expected credit losses, net of recoveries, inherent in the portfolio. In determining the fair value of the collateral, the Company uses a pricing matrix and categorizes the fair value as Level 2 in the hierarchy of fair value measurement. The pricing matrix is reviewed quarterly and updated as appropriate. The pricing matrix considers the make, model and year of the equipment as well as recent sales prices of comparable equipment sold individually, which is the lowest unit of account, through wholesale channels to the Company’s dealers (principal market). The fair value of the collateral also considers the overall condition of the equipment. 45 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) Accounts are charged off against the allowance for credit losses when, in the judgment of management, they are considered uncollectible, which generally occurs upon repossession of the collateral. Typically the timing between the repossession and charge-off is not significant. In cases where repossession is delayed (e.g., for legal proceedings), the Company records a partial charge-off. The charge-off is determined by comparing the fair value of the collateral, less cost to sell, to the amortized cost basis. Inventories: Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost of inventories is determined principally by the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Cost of sales and revenues include shipping and handling costs incurred to deliver products to dealers and customers. Equipment on Operating Leases: The Company’s Financial Services segment leases equipment under operating leases to its customers. In addition, in the Truck segment, equipment sold to customers in Europe subject to an RVG by the Company may be accounted for as an operating lease. Equipment is recorded at cost and is depreciated on the straight-line basis to the lower of the estimated residual value or guarantee value. Lease and guarantee periods generally range from three to five years . Estimated useful lives of the equipment range from three to ten years . Th e Company reviews residual values of equipment on operating leases periodically to determine that recorded amounts are appropriate. Property, Plant and Equipment: Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is computed by the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of various classes of assets. Certain production tooling and equipment are amortized on a unit of production basis. Long-lived Assets and Goodwill: The Company evaluates the carrying value of property, plant and equipment when events and circumstances warrant a review. Goodwill is tested for impairment at least on an annual basis. There were no significant impairment charges for the three years ended December 31, 2025. Goodwil l was $ 114.2 and $ 100.7 at December 31, 2025 and 2024 , respectively. The increase in value was due to currency translation. Product Support Liabilities: Product support liabilities include estimated future payments related to product warranties and deferred revenues on optional extended warranties and R&M contracts. The Company generally offers one year warranties covering most of its vehicles and related aftermarket parts. For vehicles equipped with engines manufactured by PACCAR, the Company generally offers two year warranties on the engine. Specific terms and conditions vary depending on the product and the country of sale. Optional extended warranty and R&M contracts can be purchased for periods which generally range up to five years . Warranty expenses and reserves are estimated and recorded at the time products or contracts are sold based on historical and current data and reasonable expectations for the future regarding the frequency and cost of warranty claims, net of recoveries. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded liabilities and adjusts them as appropriate to reflect actual experience. Revenue from extended warranty and R&M contracts is deferred and recognized to income generally on a straight-line basis over the contract period. Warranty and R&M costs on these contracts are recognized as incurred. Derivative Financial Instruments: As part of its risk management strategy, the Company enters into derivative contracts to hedge against the risks of interest rates, foreign currency rates and commodity prices. Certain derivative instruments designated as fair value hedges, cash flow hedges or net investment hedges are subject to hedge accounting. Derivative instruments that are not subject to hedge accounting are held as derivatives not designated as hedging instruments. The Company’s policies prohibit the use of derivatives for speculation or trading. At the inception of each hedge relationship, the Company documents its risk management objectives, procedures and accounting treatment. All of the Company’s interest-rate, commodity as well as certain foreign-exchange contracts are transacted under International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) master agreements. Each agreement permits the net settlement of amounts owed in the event of default and certain other termination events. For derivative financial instruments, the Company has elected not to offset derivative positions in the balance sheet with the same counterparty under the same agreements and is not required to post or receive collateral. Exposure limits and minimum credit ratings are used to minimize the risks of counterparty default. The Company’s maximum exposure to potential default of its derivative counterparties is limited to the asset position of its derivative portfolio. The asset position of the Company’s derivative portfolio was $ 63.0 at December 31, 2025. 46 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) The Company assesses hedges at inception and on an ongoing basis to determine if the designated derivatives are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flow of the hedged items. Hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively when the Company determines a derivative financial instrument has ceased to be a highly effective hedge. Cash flows from derivative instruments are included in Operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Government Grants: The Company receives incentives from U.S. and non-U.S. governmental entities in the form of tax rebates or credits, grants, and loans. The benefit is generally recorded when all conditions attached to the incentive have been met and there is reasonable assurance of the receipt. Government incentives are recorded in accordance with their purpose as a reduction of expense, a reduction of the cost of the capital investment, or other income. The amount of government incentives recorded as a reduction of expenses and the amount of grants receivable for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 are immaterial. Foreign Currency Translation: For most of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries, the local currency is the functional currency. All assets and liabilities are translated at year-end exchange rates and all income statement amounts are translated at the weighted-average rates for the period. Translation adjustments are recorded in AOCI. The Company uses the U.S. dollar as the functional currency for all but one of its Mexican subsidiaries, which uses the local currency. For the U.S. functional currency entities in Mexico, inventories, cost of sales, property, plant and equipment and depreciation are remeasured at historical rates and resulting adjustments are included in net income. Earnings per Share: Basic earnings per common share are computed by dividing earnings by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, plus the effect of any participating securities. Diluted earnings per common share are computed assuming that all potentially dilutive securities are converted into common shares under the treasury stock method. New Accounting Pronouncements: In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The amendments in this ASU expand the disclosures in the notes to the financial statements about specific cost and expense categories presented on the face of the income statement. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this ASU should be applied either (1) prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date or (2) retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this update on the related notes to the financial statements. In November 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-09, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Hedge Accounting Improvements. The amendments in this ASU clarify certain aspects of the guidance on hedge accounting and address several incremental hedge accounting issues arising from the global reference rate reform initiative. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. The amendments in this ASU should be applied prospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this update on the Company's consolidated financial statements. The Company adopted the following standard on January 1, 2025 , which had no impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The additional disclosures resulting from the implementation of this ASU are reflected in Note N, Income Taxes, on a retrospective basis. STANDARD DESCRIPTION 2023-09 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures The FASB also issued the following standards, which are not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. STANDARD DESCRIPTION EFFECTIVE DATE 2025-05* Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets January 1, 2026 2025-06* Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software January 1, 2028 2025-10* Government Grants (Topic 832): Accounting for Government Grants Received by Business Entities January 1, 2029 * The Company will adopt on the effective date. 47 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) B. SALES AND REVENUES The following table disaggregates Truck, Parts and Other revenues by major sources: Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 Truck Truck sales $ 18,272.1 $ 23,863.2 $ 25,946.4 Revenues from extended warranties, operating leases and other 1,093.2 975.2 900.0 19,365.3 24,838.4 26,846.4 Parts Parts sales 6,678.4 6,461.1 6,223.1 Revenues from dealer services and other 195.3 205.3 191.3 6,873.7 6,666.4 6,414.4 Intersegment eliminations and other* ( 3.9 ) 59.5 54.7 Truck, Parts and Other sales and revenues $ 26,235.1 $ 31,564.3 $ 33,315.5 * Includes industrial winch business sales through October 31, 2024. The following table summarizes Financial Services lease revenues by lease type: Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 Finance lease revenues $ 374.7 $ 341.8 $ 271.5 Operating lease revenues 617.3 660.7 736.9 Total lease revenues $ 992.0 $ 1,002.5 $ 1,008.4 C. INVESTMENTS IN MARKETABLE SECURITIES Marketable securities consisted of the following at December 31: UNREALIZED UNREALIZED FAIR 2025 COST GAINS LOSSES VALUE Marketable debt securities U.S. tax-exempt securities $ 341.0 $ 3.6 $ .1 $ 344.5 U.S. taxable municipal / non-U.S. provincial bonds 417.7 4.2 .3 421.6 U.S. corporate securities 931.7 8.7 .1 940.3 U.S. government securities 433.9 2.5 .2 436.2 Non-U.S. corporate securities 634.8 5.4 .5 639.7 Non-U.S. government securities 212.8 1.3 .3 213.8 Other debt securities 206.4 1.6 .2 207.8 Marketable equity securities 10.0 6.2 3.8 Total marketable securities $ 3,188.3 $ 27.3 $ 7.9 $ 3,207.7 UNREALIZED UNREALIZED FAIR 2024 COST GAINS LOSSES VALUE Marketable debt securities U.S. tax-exempt securities $ 304.5 $ .6 $ 1.4 $ 303.7 U.S. taxable municipal / non-U.S. provincial bonds 381.1 1.2 2.2 380.1 U.S. corporate securities 864.3 3.1 3.2 864.2 U.S. government securities 287.1 .1 1.5 285.7 Non-U.S. corporate securities 606.6 3.5 2.0 608.1 Non-U.S. government securities 163.5 1.4 .6 164.3 Other debt securities 166.4 .8 .8 166.4 Marketable equity securities 10.0 3.7 6.3 Total marketable securities $ 2,783.5 $ 10.7 $ 15.4 $ 2,778.8 48 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) The cost of marketable debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. Amortization, accretion, interest and dividend income and realized gains and losses are included in investment income. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Gross realized gains were $ 3.8 , $ 2.1 and $ . 9 , and gross realized losses were $ 2.1 , $ 4.5 and $ 4.5 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Net unrealized (losses) gains on marketable equity securities recognized in investment income were $ ( 2.5 ) , $ 1.9 and $ 3.2 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Marketable debt securities with continuous unrealized losses and their related fair values were as follows: At December 31, 2025 2024 LESS THAN TWELVE MONTHS TWELVE MONTHS OR GREATER LESS THAN TWELVE MONTHS TWELVE MONTHS OR GREATER Fair value $ 298.5 $ 75.5 $ 932.9 $ 365.5 Unrealized losses 1.0 .7 5.5 6.2 The unrealized losses on marketable debt securities were due to highe r yields on certain securities. The Company did not identify any indicators of a credit loss in its assessments. Accordingly, no allowance for credit losses was recorded at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Company does not currently intend, and it is more likely than not that it will not be required, to sell the investment securities before recovery of the unrealized losses. The Company expects that the contractual principal and interest will be received on the investment securities. Contractual maturities on marketable debt securities at December 31, 2025 were as follows: AMORTIZED FAIR Maturities: COST VALUE Within one year $ 565.1 $ 566.8 One to five years 2,598.2 2,621.8 Six to ten years 6.2 6.2 More than ten years 8.8 9.1 $ 3,178.3 $ 3,203.9 D. INVENTORIES Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost of inventories is determined principally by the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Inventories include the following: At December 31, 2025 2024 Finished products $ 954.2 $ 977.1 Work in process and raw materials 1,233.3 1,390.0 $ 2,187.5 $ 2,367.1 49 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) E. FINANCE AND OTHER RECEIVABLES Finance and other receivables include the following: At December 31, 2025 2024 Loans $ 10,407.6 $ 9,442.4 Finance leases 5,264.6 4,906.6 Dealer wholesale financing 4,126.3 4,944.1 Operating lease receivables and other 148.9 166.4 19,947.4 19,459.5 Less allowance for losses: Loans and leases ( 187.2 ) ( 139.2 ) Dealer wholesale financing ( 2.8 ) ( 3.0 ) Operating lease receivables and other ( 2.9 ) ( 3.0 ) $ 19,754.5 $ 19,314.3 The net activity of dealer direct loans and dealer wholesale financing on new trucks is shown in the operating section of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows since those receivables finance the sale of Company inventory. Dealer wholesale financing decreased $ 817.8 to $ 4,126.3 at December 31, 2025, reflecting lower dealer new truck inventory in all markets. Annual minimum payments due on loans are as follows: Beginning January 1, LOANS 2026 $ 3,474.6 2027 2,485.2 2028 2,084.6 2029 1,424.9 2030 761.8 Thereafter 176.5 $ 10,407.6 Annual minimum payments due on finance lease receivables and a reconciliation of the undiscounted cash flows to the net investment in finance leases are as follows: Beginning January 1, FINANCE LEASES 2026 $ 1,711.1 2027 1,429.1 2028 1,105.1 2029 900.2 2030 438.9 Thereafter 203.6 5,788.0 Unguaranteed residual values 245.9 Unearned interest on finance leases ( 769.3 ) Net investment in finance leases $ 5,264.6 Experience indicates substantially all of dealer wholesale financing will be repaid within one year . In addition, repayment experience indicates that some loans, leases and other finance receivables will be paid prior to contract maturity, while others may be extended or modified. 50 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) For the following credit quality disclosures, finance receivables are classified into two portfolio segments, wholesale and retail. The retail portfolio is further segmented into dealer retail and customer retail. The dealer wholesale segment consists of truck inventory financing to PACCAR dealers. The dealer retail segment consists of loans and leases to participating dealers and franchises that use the proceeds to fund customers’ acquisition of commercial vehicles and related equipment. The customer retail segment consists of loans and leases directly to customers for the acquisition of commercial vehicles and related equipment. Customer retail receivables are further segregated between fleet and owner/operator classes. The fleet class consists of customer retail accounts operating five or more trucks. All other customer retail accounts are considered owner/operator. These two classes have similar measurement attributes, risk characteristics and common methods to monitor and assess credit risk. Allowance for Credit Losses: The allowance for credit losses is summarized as follows: 2025 DEALER CUSTOMER WHOLESALE RETAIL RETAIL OTHER* TOTAL Balance at January 1 $ 3.0 $ 1.5 $ 137.7 $ 3.0 $ 145.2 Provision for losses ( .5 ) .2 124.7 .1 124.5 Charge-offs ( 93.8 ) ( .9 ) ( 94.7 ) Recoveries 9.0 .7 9.7 Currency translation and other .3 7.9 8.2 Balance at December 31 $ 2.8 $ 1.7 $ 185.5 $ 2.9 $ 192.9 2024 DEALER CUSTOMER WHOLESALE RETAIL RETAIL OTHER* TOTAL Balance at January 1 $ 2.7 $ 1.9 $ 125.1 $ 3.3 $ 133.0 Provision for losses .6 ( .4 ) 75.6 ( .2 ) 75.6 Charge-offs ( 61.2 ) ( 1.0 ) ( 62.2 ) Recoveries 7.4 1.3 8.7 Currency translation and other ( .3 ) ( 9.2 ) ( .4 ) ( 9.9 ) Balance at December 31 $ 3.0 $ 1.5 $ 137.7 $ 3.0 $ 145.2 2023 DEALER CUSTOMER WHOLESALE RETAIL RETAIL OTHER* TOTAL Balance at January 1 $ 3.4 $ 2.2 $ 112.6 $ 2.9 $ 121.1 Provision for losses ( .6 ) ( .3 ) 31.8 .4 31.3 Charge-offs ( .2 ) ( 28.4 ) ( 1.7 ) ( 30.3 ) Recoveries 5.6 1.4 7.0 Currency translation and other .1 3.5 .3 3.9 Balance at December 31 $ 2.7 $ 1.9 $ 125.1 $ 3.3 $ 133.0 * Operating lease and other trade receivables. Credit Quality: The Company’s customers are principally concentrated in the transportation industry in North America, Europe, Australia and Brasil. The Company’s portfolio assets are diversified over a large number of customers and dealers with no single customer or dealer balances representing over 5 % of the total portfolio assets. The Company retains as collateral a security interest in the related equipment. At the inception of each contract, the Company considers the credit risk based on a variety of credit quality factors including prior payment experience, customer financial information, credit-rating agency ratings, loan-to-value ratios and other internal metrics. On an ongoing basis, the Company monitors credit quality based on past due status and collection experience as there is a meaningful correlation between the past due status of customers and the risk of loss. The Company has three credit quality indicators: performing, watch and at-risk. Performing accounts pay in accordance with the contractual terms and are not considered high-risk. Watch accounts include accounts 31 to 90 days past due and large accounts that are performing but are considered to be high‑risk. Watch accounts are not collateral dependent. At-risk accounts are collateral dependent, including accounts over 90 days past due and other accounts on non-accrual status. 51 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) The tables below summarize the amortized cost basis of the Company’s finance receivables within each credit quality indicator by year of origination and portfolio class and current period gross charge-offs of the Company’s finance receivables by year of origination and portfolio class. REVOLVING At December 31, 2025 LOANS 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 PRIOR TOTAL Amortized cost: Dealer: Wholesale: Performing $ 4,114.6 $ 4,114.6 Watch 8.1 8.1 At-risk 3.6 3.6 $ 4,126.3 $ 4,126.3 Retail: Performing $ 228.5 $ 590.5 $ 567.7 $ 506.1 $ 306.7 $ 134.7 $ 119.6 $ 2,453.8 Watch 1.5 .8 1.3 .4 .3 4.3 $ 228.5 $ 592.0 $ 568.5 $ 507.4 $ 307.1 $ 135.0 $ 119.6 $ 2,458.1 Total dealer $ 4,354.8 $ 592.0 $ 568.5 $ 507.4 $ 307.1 $ 135.0 $ 119.6 $ 6,584.4 Customer retail: Fleet: Performing $ 4,465.0 $ 3,399.5 $ 2,060.2 $ 919.3 $ 254.4 $ 68.6 $ 11,167.0 Watch 63.7 35.0 63.4 44.8 16.2 .6 223.7 At-risk 70.7 80.0 147.9 50.5 9.0 1.7 359.8 $ 4,599.4 $ 3,514.5 $ 2,271.5 $ 1,014.6 $ 279.6 $ 70.9 $ 11,750.5 Owner/operator: Performing $ 624.5 $ 404.0 $ 213.5 $ 114.9 $ 54.2 $ 10.1 $ 1,421.2 Watch 5.4 5.5 4.2 3.6 1.6 .3 20.6 At-risk 8.1 3.8 4.0 4.5 1.1 .3 21.8 $ 638.0 $ 413.3 $ 221.7 $ 123.0 $ 56.9 $ 10.7 $ 1,463.6 Total customer retail $ 5,237.4 $ 3,927.8 $ 2,493.2 $ 1,137.6 $ 336.5 $ 81.6 $ 13,214.1 Total $ 4,354.8 $ 5,829.4 $ 4,496.3 $ 3,000.6 $ 1,444.7 $ 471.5 $ 201.2 $ 19,798.5 Twelve Months Ended REVOLVING December 31, 2025 LOANS 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 PRIOR TOTAL Gross charge-offs: Customer retail: Fleet $ 1.3 $ 10.6 $ 37.6 $ 19.7 $ 9.0 $ 6.8 $ 85.0 Owner/operator .3 2.1 2.6 2.9 .6 .3 8.8 Total $ 1.6 $ 12.7 $ 40.2 $ 22.6 $ 9.6 $ 7.1 $ 93.8 52 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) REVOLVING At December 31, 2024 LOANS 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 PRIOR TOTAL Amortized cost: Dealer: Wholesale: Performing $ 4,936.1 $ 4,936.1 Watch 7.1 7.1 At-risk .9 .9 $ 4,944.1 $ 4,944.1 Retail: Performing $ 229.8 $ 680.8 $ 641.5 $ 404.6 $ 192.8 $ 98.0 $ 141.6 $ 2,389.1 Watch 2.0 23.1 6.1 2.1 4.6 .4 38.3 $ 229.8 $ 682.8 $ 664.6 $ 410.7 $ 194.9 $ 102.6 $ 142.0 $ 2,427.4 Total dealer $ 5,173.9 $ 682.8 $ 664.6 $ 410.7 $ 194.9 $ 102.6 $ 142.0 $ 7,371.5 Customer retail: Fleet: Performing $ 4,306.5 $ 2,991.4 $ 1,761.1 $ 781.9 $ 298.2 $ 71.0 $ 10,210.1 Watch 11.2 17.6 13.9 5.8 2.1 .9 51.5 At-risk 49.5 196.8 80.8 41.9 6.0 1.5 376.5 $ 4,367.2 $ 3,205.8 $ 1,855.8 $ 829.6 $ 306.3 $ 73.4 $ 10,638.1 Owner/operator: Performing $ 524.1 $ 303.7 $ 206.2 $ 145.1 $ 57.6 $ 12.7 $ 1,249.4 Watch 2.5 12.1 8.0 2.9 1.3 .4 27.2 At-risk .9 1.8 2.2 .9 1.0 .1 6.9 $ 527.5 $ 317.6 $ 216.4 $ 148.9 $ 59.9 $ 13.2 $ 1,283.5 Total customer retail $ 4,894.7 $ 3,523.4 $ 2,072.2 $ 978.5 $ 366.2 $ 86.6 $ 11,921.6 Total $ 5,173.9 $ 5,577.5 $ 4,188.0 $ 2,482.9 $ 1,173.4 $ 468.8 $ 228.6 $ 19,293.1 Twelve Months Ended REVOLVING December 31, 2024 LOANS 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 PRIOR TOTAL Gross charge-offs: Customer retail: Fleet $ .9 $ 19.4 $ 12.1 $ 7.5 $ 4.2 $ 7.8 $ 51.9 Owner/operator .1 2.4 3.7 1.0 1.3 .8 9.3 Total $ 1.0 $ 21.8 $ 15.8 $ 8.5 $ 5.5 $ 8.6 $ 61.2 53 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) The tables below summarize the Company’s finance receivables by aging category. In determining past due status, the Company considers the entire contractual account balance past due when any installment is over 30 days past due. Substantially all customer accounts that were greater than 30 days past due prior to credit modification became current upon modification for aging purposes. DEALER CUSTOMER RETAIL OWNER/ At December 31, 2025 WHOLESALE RETAIL FLEET OPERATOR TOTAL Current and up to 30 days past due $ 4,117.7 $ 2,458.1 $ 11,412.2 $ 1,428.7 $ 19,416.7 31 – 60 days past due 5.0 137.9 16.8 159.7 Greater than 60 days past due 3.6 200.4 18.1 222.1 $ 4,126.3 $ 2,458.1 $ 11,750.5 $ 1,463.6 $ 19,798.5 DEALER CUSTOMER RETAIL OWNER/ At December 31, 2024 WHOLESALE RETAIL FLEET OPERATOR TOTAL Current and up to 30 days past due $ 4,942.1 $ 2,427.4 $ 10,462.5 $ 1,266.9 $ 19,098.9 31 – 60 days past due 1.1 71.8 7.9 80.8 Greater than 60 days past due .9 103.8 8.7 113.4 $ 4,944.1 $ 2,427.4 $ 10,638.1 $ 1,283.5 $ 19,293.1 Accounts 31+ days past due increased by $ 187.6 to $ 381.8 at December 31, 2025, primarily due to higher past due accounts in Brasil, the U.S. and Mexico. The increase of past due accounts in Brasil and Mexico reflected a decline in market conditions, including elevated interest rates in Brasil. The increase of past due accounts in the U.S. reflected a soft truckload market and included three large fleet customers. The amortized cost basis of finance receivables that are on non-accrual status was as follows: DEALER CUSTOMER RETAIL OWNER/ At December 31, 2025 WHOLESALE RETAIL FLEET OPERATOR TOTAL Amortized cost basis with a specific reserve $ 334.2 $ 15.5 $ 349.7 Amortized cost basis with no specific reserve $ 3.6 18.0 6.2 27.8 Total $ 3.6 $ 352.2 $ 21.7 $ 377.5 DEALER CUSTOMER RETAIL OWNER/ At December 31, 2024 WHOLESALE RETAIL FLEET OPERATOR TOTAL Amortized cost basis with a specific reserve $ 350.0 $ 5.5 $ 355.5 Amortized cost basis with no specific reserve $ .9 25.8 1.4 28.1 Total $ .9 $ 375.8 $ 6.9 $ 383.6 Interest income recognized on a cash basis for finance receivables that are on non-accrual status was as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 Customer retail: Fleet $ 7.7 $ 3.3 $ 2.2 Owner/operator .5 .3 .4 $ 8.2 $ 3.6 $ 2.6 54 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) Customers Experiencing Financial Difficulty: The Company modified $ 351.2 and $ 330.2 of f inance receivables for customers experiencing financial difficulty during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Generally, other than insignificant term extensions and payment delays are modifications extending terms and payment delays for more than three months. The amortized cost basis of finance receivables for other than insignificant term extensions and payment delays for customers in financial difficulty was as follows: At December 31, 2025 2024 Customer retail: Fleet $ 173.7 $ 183.3 Owner/operator 4.3 .4 $ 178.0 $ 183.7 % of total retail portfolio 1.1 % 1.3 % The credit modifications granted customers additional time to pay. The financial effects of the term extensions added a weighted-average of 8 and 6 months to the life of the modified contracts for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The effect of modifications is included in the Company's historical loss information used to determine the allowance for credit losses. For certain modifications to customers experiencing financial difficulties that are at-risk at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses is based on the value of underlying collateral or a discounted cash flow analysis. There were $ 145.4 finance receivables modified with customers experiencing financial difficulty during the previous twelve months that had a payment default in the year ended December 31, 2025 . There were $ 3.5 finance receivables modified with customers experiencing financial difficulty during the previous twelve months that had a payment default in the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in 2025 reflected two large fleet customers in the U.S., one large fleet customer in Brasil and one large fleet customer in Mexico. Repossessions: When the Company determines a customer is not likely to meet its contractual commitments, the Company repossesses the vehicles which serve as collateral for the loans, finance leases and equipment under operating leases. The Company records the vehicles as used truck inventory included in Financial Services Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The balance of repossessed inventory at December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $ 93.9 and $ 80.9 , respectively. Proceeds from the sales of repossessed assets were $ 130.9 , $ 77.2 and $ 27.7 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 , respectively. These amounts are included in Proceeds from asset disposals in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Write-downs of repossessed equipment on operating leases are recorded as impairments and included in Financial Services Depreciation and other expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income. F. EQUIPMENT ON OPERATING LEASES A summary of equipment on operating leases for Truck, Parts and Other and for the Financial Services segment is presented below: TRUCK, PARTS AND OTHER FINANCIAL SERVICES At December 31, 2025 2024 2025 2024 Equipment on operating leases $ 73.8 $ 90.4 $ 2,825.3 $ 2,858.8 Less allowance for depreciation ( 16.5 ) ( 21.2 ) ( 956.7 ) ( 967.4 ) $ 57.3 $ 69.2 $ 1,868.6 $ 1,891.4 Annual minimum lease payments due on Financial Services operating leases beginning January 1, 2026 are $ 530.6 , $ 397.9 , $ 261.3 , $ 172.1 , $ 47.6 and $ .4 thereafter. Equipment on operating leases for Truck, Parts and Other is included in Truck, Parts and Other "Other noncurrent assets, net" on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. 55 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) When the equipment sold is subject to an RVG, the full sales price is received from the customer. A liability is established for the residual value obligation with the remainder of the proceeds recorded as deferred lease revenue. These amounts, included in Truck, Parts and Other "Other liabilities" on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets, are summarized below: TRUCK, PARTS AND OTHER At December 31, 2025 2024 Residual value guarantees $ 45.6 $ 60.2 Deferred lease revenues 21.7 20.1 $ 67.3 $ 80.3 Annual maturities of the RVGs beginning January 1, 2026 are $ 20.8 , $ 15.6 , $ 7.1 , $ .9 , $ 1.2 and nil thereafter. The deferred lease revenue is amortized on a straight-line basis over the RVG contract period. At December 31, 2025, the annual amortization of deferred revenues beginning January 1, 2026 are $ 10.2 , $ 6.7 , $ 2.8 , $ 2.0 and nil thereafter. G. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT Property, plant and equipment included the following: At December 31, USEFUL LIVES 2025 2024 Land $ 370.6 $ 331.7 Buildings and improvements 10 - 40 years 1,934.6 1,728.7 Machinery, equipment and production tooling 3 - 20 years 6,059.1 5,571.9 Construction in progress 1,028.5 746.1 9,392.8 8,378.4 Less allowance for depreciation ( 4,887.5 ) ( 4,392.8 ) $ 4,505.3 $ 3,985.6 H. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE, ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other included the following: At December 31, 2025 2024 Truck, Parts and Other: Accounts payable $ 1,455.2 $ 1,598.7 Accrued expenses 1,056.8 916.5 Product support liabilities 819.3 743.0 Salaries and wages 380.4 397.1 Core deposits payable 336.6 311.8 Right-of-return liabilities 326.8 366.1 Other 501.2 471.9 $ 4,876.3 $ 4,805.1 I. PRODUCT SUPPORT LIABILITIES Changes in product support liabilities are summarized as follows: WARRANTY RESERVES 2025 2024 2023 Balance at January 1 $ 606.1 $ 767.0 $ 437.7 Cost accruals 580.6 616.2 739.2 Payments ( 772.1 ) ( 917.8 ) ( 632.4 ) Change in estimates for pre-existing warranties 154.4 163.2 211.9 Currency translation and other 27.2 ( 22.5 ) 10.6 Balance at December 31 $ 596.2 $ 606.1 $ 767.0 56 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) DEFERRED REVENUES ON EXTENDED WARRANTIES AND R&M CONTRACTS 2025 2024 2023 Balance at January 1 $ 1,302.2 $ 1,229.1 $ 904.9 Deferred revenues 725.4 701.1 812.4 Revenues recognized ( 692.9 ) ( 591.8 ) ( 507.8 ) Currency translation 76.4 ( 36.2 ) 19.6 Balance at December 31 $ 1,411.1 $ 1,302.2 $ 1,229.1 The Company expects to recognize approximately $ 452.4 of the remaining deferred revenues on extended warranties and R&M contracts in 2026, $ 403.6 in 2027, $ 280.6 in 2028, $ 176.3 in 2029, $ 66.5 in 2030 and $ 31.7 thereafter. Product support liabilities are included in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets as follows: WARRANTY RESERVES DEFERRED REVENUES At December 31, 2025 2024 2025 2024 Truck, Parts and Other: Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other $ 371.4 $ 354.3 $ 447.9 $ 388.7 Other liabilities 224.8 251.8 948.1 901.9 Financial Services: Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other 4.2 3.9 Deferred taxes and other liabilities 10.9 7.7 $ 596.2 $ 606.1 $ 1,411.1 $ 1,302.2 J. BORROWINGS AND CREDIT ARRANGEMENTS Financial Services borrowings included the following: 2025 2024 EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE At December 31, RATE BORROWINGS RATE BORROWINGS Commercial paper 3.5 % $ 4,635.3 4.4 % $ 5,484.9 Bank loans 12.2 % 354.2 11.5 % 518.9 4,989.5 6,003.8 Term notes 4.7 % 10,646.8 4.2 % 9,891.2 4.5 % $ 15,636.3 4.5 % $ 15,895.0 Commercial paper and term note borrowings we re $ 15,282.1 and $ 15,376.1 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Unamortized debt issuance costs, unamortized discounts and the net effect of fair value hedges were $ ( 29.6 ) and $ ( 51.7 ) at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The effective rate is the weighted-average rate as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 and includes the effects of interest-rate contracts. The annual maturities of the Financial Services borrowings are as follows: COMMERCIAL BANK TERM Beginning January 1, PAPER LOANS NOTES TOTAL 2026 $ 4,642.0 $ 205.8 $ 3,442.1 $ 8,289.9 2027 92.2 2,530.5 2,622.7 2028 35.7 2,997.1 3,032.8 2029 16.2 1,000.0 1,016.2 2030 4.2 350.0 354.2 Thereafter .1 350.0 350.1 $ 4,642.0 $ 354.2 $ 10,669.7 $ 15,665.9 Interest paid on borrowings was $ 692.8 , $ 571.8 an d $ 396.5 in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. 57 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) The primary sources of borrowings in the capital markets are commercial paper and medium-term notes issued in the public markets, and to a lesser extent, bank loans. Bank loans were primarily issued by Nacional Financiera (NAFIN) and Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Economico e Social (BNDES). The medium-term notes are issued by PACCAR Financial Corp. (PFC), PACCAR Financial Europe (PFE), PACCAR Financial Mexico (PFM), PACCAR Financial Pty. Ltd. (PFPL Australia), PACCAR Financial Ltd. (PFL Canada) and Banco PACCAR S.A. (PFB). In November 2024, the Company’s U.S. finance subsidiary, PFC, filed a shelf registration under the Securities Act of 1933. In February 2026, the Company issued $ 400.0 of medium-term notes under this registration. The total amount of medium-term notes outstanding for PFC as of December 31, 2025 was $ 7,700.0 . The registration expires in November 2027 and does not limit the principal amount of debt securities that may be issued during that period. As of December 31, 2025 , the Company’s European finance subsidiary, PFE, had € 750.0 available for issuance under a € 2,500.0 medium-term note program listed on the Euro MTF Market of the Luxembourg Stock Exchange. This program renews annually and expires in May 2026. In August 2021, PFM registered a 10,000.0 Mexican peso program with the Comision Nacional Bancaria y de Valores to issue medium-term notes and commercial paper. The registration expires in August 2026 and limits the amount of commercial paper (up to one year) to 5,000.0 Mexican pesos. At December 31, 2025 , 6,000.0 Mexican pesos were available for issuance. In August 2018, the Company’s Australian subsidiary, PFPL Australia, established a medium-term note program. The program does not limit the principal amount of debt securities that may be issued under the program. The total amount of medium-term notes outstanding for PFPL Australia as of December 31, 2025 was 900.0 Australian dollars. In May 2021, the Company’s Canadian subsidiary, PFL Canada, established a medium-term note program. The program does not limit the principal amount of debt securities that may be issued under the program. There were no borrowings under this program as of December 31, 2025. The Company’s Brazilian subsidiary, PFB, established a lending program in December 2021 with the local development bank, BNDES, for qualified customers to receive preferential conditions and generally market interest rates. This program is limited to 2,514.2 Brazilian reais and has 1,025.9 Brazilian reais outstanding as of December 31, 2025. The Brazilian subsidiary also established a Letra Financeira (LF) program in May 2024, and the program does not limit the principal amount of debt securities that may be issued under the program. A to tal of 500.0 Brazilian reais medium-term notes were outstanding as of December 31, 2025. The Company has line of credit arrangements of $ 5,643.0 , of which $ 5,281.1 were unused at December 31, 2025 . Included in these arrangements are $ 4,000.0 of committed bank facilities, of which $ 1,500.0 expires in June 2026 , $ 1,250.0 expires in June 2028 and $ 1,250.0 expires in June 2030 . The Company intends to extend or replace these credit facilities on or before expiration to maintain facilities of similar amounts and duration. These credit facilities are maintained primarily to provide backup liquidity for commercial paper borrowings and maturing medium-term notes. There were no borrowings under the committed bank facilities fo r the year ended December 31, 2025 . K. LEASES The Company leases certain facilities and equipment. The Company determines whether an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. The Company accounts for lease and non-lease components separately. The consideration in the contract is allocated to each separate lease and non-lease component of the contract generally based on the relative stand-alone price of the components. The lease component is accounted for in accordance with the lease standard and the non-lease component is accounted for in accordance with other standards. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of lease payments unless the rate implicit in the lease is available. The lease term may include options to extend or terminate the lease if it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Leases that have a term of 12 months or less at the commencement date (“short-term leases”) are not included in the right-of-use assets and the lease liabilities. Lease expense for the short-term leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. 58 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) The components of lease expense were as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 Finance lease cost Amortization of right-of-use assets and interest $ .7 $ .6 $ 1.1 Operating lease cost 24.0 23.4 17.5 Short-term lease cost 2.2 2.7 3.7 Variable lease cost 2.9 2.9 2.4 Total lease cost $ 29.8 $ 29.6 $ 24.7 Balance sheet information related to leases was as follows: 2025 2024 At December 31, OPERATING LEASES FINANCE LEASES OPERATING LEASES FINANCE LEASES TRUCK, PARTS AND OTHER: Other noncurrent assets, net $ 58.2 $ .9 $ 65.6 $ 1.7 FINANCIAL SERVICES: Other assets 3.6 4.8 Total right-of-use assets $ 61.8 $ .9 $ 70.4 $ 1.7 TRUCK, PARTS AND OTHER: Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other $ 17.7 $ .7 $ 16.3 $ .7 Other liabilities 42.3 .2 50.6 .9 FINANCIAL SERVICES: Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other 1.5 1.7 Deferred taxes and other liabilities 1.4 2.9 Total lease liabilities $ 62.9 $ .9 $ 71.5 $ 1.6 The weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate were as follows at December 31: 2025 2024 OPERATING LEASES FINANCE LEASES OPERATING LEASES FINANCE LEASES Weighted-average remaining lease term 4.5 years 1.9 years 5.1 years 2.5 years Weighted-average discount rate 5.2 % 2.3 % 4.6 % 2.0 % Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows: Beginning January 1, OPERATING LEASES FINANCE LEASES 2026 $ 21.8 $ .7 2027 17.3 .1 2028 11.8 .1 2029 6.8 2030 4.4 Thereafter 9.0 Total lease payments 71.1 .9 Less: interest ( 8.2 ) Total lease liabilities $ 62.9 $ .9 59 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) Cash flow information related to leases was as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities Operating cash flows from operating leases $ 24.1 $ 27.0 $ 17.0 Financing cash flows from finance leases .7 .6 1.1 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities Operating leases 11.4 27.1 39.5 Finance leases .2 1.3 L. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES At December 31, 2025, PACCAR had standby letters of credit and surety bonds totaling $ 52.1 , from third-party financial institutions, in the normal course of business, which guarantee various insurance, financing and other activities. At December 31, 2025, PACCAR’s financial services companies, in the normal course of business, had outstanding commitments to fund new loan and lease transactions amounting to $ 812.4 . The commitments ge nerally expire in 90 days. The Company had other commitments, primarily to purchase production inventory, equipment a nd commodities amounting to $ 194.0 , $ 101.6 , $ 84.2 , $ 74.7 , $ 86.4 and $ 41.5 for 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2030 and beyond, respectively. The Company is involved in various stages of investigations and cleanup actions in different countries related to environmental matters. In certain of these matters, the Company has been designated as a “potentially responsible party” by domestic and foreign environmental agencies. The Company has accrued the estimated costs to investigate and complete cleanup actions where it is probable that the Company will incur such costs in the future. Expenditures related to environmental activities for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were $ 1.5 , $ 4.4 and $ 3.0 , respectively. While the timing and amount of the ultimate costs associated with future environmental cleanup cannot be determined, management expects that these matters will not have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position. On July 19, 2016, the European Commission (EC) concluded its investigation of all major European truck manufacturers and reached a settlement with DAF Trucks N.V., DAF Trucks Deutschland GmbH and PACCAR Inc (collectively “the Company”). Following the settlement, certain EC-related claims and lawsuits have been filed in various jurisdictions primarily in Europe against all major European truck manufacturers including the Company and certain subsidiaries. These claims and lawsuits include individual and collective proceedings seeking monetary damages, including class actions in the United Kingdom (U.K.), the Netherlands and Israel. In certain jurisdictions, additional claimants may bring EC-related claims and lawsuits. Several European courts have issued judgments; some have been favorable while others have been unfavorable and have been appealed. The Company believes it has meritorious defenses to all pending legal claims. In the first quarter 2023, the Company recorded a pre-tax charge of $ 600.0 ($ 446.4 after-tax) for the estimable total cost. The Company has settled with a significant majority of claimants and continues to pursue appropriate resolutions. Due to ongoing settlement costs, the Company updated its estimate and recorded an additional pre-tax charge of $ 350.0 ($ 264.5 after-tax) for the total estimable remaining costs in Interest and other expenses (income), net in the first quarter of 2025. PACCAR is also a defendant in various other legal proceedings and, in addition, there are various other contingent liabilities arising in the normal course of business. After consultation with legal counsel, management does not anticipate that disposition of these various other proceedings and contingent liabilities will have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. M. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS Severance Costs: The Company incurred severance expense in 2025, 2024 and 2023 of $ 31.3 , $ 13.5 and $ .6 , respectively. Defined Benefit Pension Plans: The Company has several defined benefit pension plans, which cover a majority of its employees. The Company evaluates its actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and considers changes based upon market conditions and other factors. 60 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) The expected return on plan assets is determined by using a market-related value of assets, which is calculated based on an average of the previous five years of asset gains and losses. Generally, accumulated unrecognized actuarial gains and losses are amortized using the 10 % corridor approach. The corridor is defined as the greater of either 10% of the projected benefit obligation or the market-related value of plan assets. The amortization amount is the excess beyond the corridor divided by the average remaining estimated service life of participants on a straight-line basis. The Company funds its pensions in accordance with applicable employee benefit and tax laws. The Company contributed $ 24.5 to its pension plans in 2025 and $ 40.8 in 2024. The Company expects to contribute in the range of $ 25 to $ 75 to its pension plans in 2026, of which $ 11.3 is estimated to satisfy minimum funding requirements. Annual benefits expected to be paid beginning January 1, 2026 are $ 160.6 , $ 137.1 , $ 150.6 , $ 154.4 , $ 169.2 and a total of $ 945.9 for the five years thereafter. Plan assets are invested in global equity and debt securities through professional investment managers with the objective to achieve targeted risk adjusted returns and maintain liquidity sufficient to fund current benefit payments. Typically, each defined benefit plan has an investment policy that includes a target for asset mix, including maximum and minimum ranges for allocation percentages by investment category. The actual allocation of assets may vary at times based upon rebalancing policies and other factors. The Company periodically assesses the target asset mix by evaluating external sources of information regarding the long-term historical return, volatilities and expected future returns for each investment category. In addition, the long-term rates of return assumptions for pension accounting are reviewed annually to ensure they are appropriate. Target asset mix and forecast long-term returns by asset category are considered in determining the assumed long-term rates of return, although historical returns realized are given some consideration. The fair value of mutual funds, common stocks and U.S. treasuries is determined using the market approach and is based on the quoted prices in active markets. These securities are categorized as Level 1. The fair value of debt securities is determined using the market approach and is based on the quoted market prices of the securities or other observable inputs. These securities are categorized as Level 2. The fair value of commingled and pooled trust funds is determined using the market approach and is based on the unadjusted net asset value (NAV) per unit as determined by the sponsor of the fund based on the fair values of underlying investments. These assets are collective investment trusts and pooled funds, and substantially all of these investments have no redemption restrictions or unfunded commitments. Securities measured at NAV per unit as a practical expedient are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. The following information details the allocation of plan assets by investment type. See Note Q for definitions of fair value levels. FAIR VALUE HIERARCHY At December 31, 2025 TARGET LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 TOTAL MEASURED AT NAV TOTAL Equities: U.S. equities $ 1,083.1 $ 1,083.1 Global equities 911.9 911.9 Total equities 45 - 55 % 1,995.0 1,995.0 Fixed income: U.S. fixed income $ 231.0 $ 352.9 $ 583.9 $ 826.7 $ 1,410.6 Non-U.S. fixed income 37.7 37.7 575.4 613.1 Total fixed income 45 - 55 % 231.0 390.6 621.6 1,402.1 2,023.7 Cash and other 46.3 46.3 .1 46.4 Total plan assets $ 231.0 $ 436.9 $ 667.9 $ 3,397.2 $ 4,065.1 61 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) FAIR VALUE HIERARCHY At December 31, 2024 TARGET LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 TOTAL MEASURED AT NAV TOTAL Equities: U.S. equities $ 1,072.7 $ 1,072.7 Global equities 840.4 840.4 Total equities 45 - 65 % 1,913.1 1,913.1 Fixed income: U.S. fixed income $ 129.1 $ 257.7 $ 386.8 $ 708.8 $ 1,095.6 Non-U.S. fixed income 36.4 36.4 490.2 526.6 Total fixed income 35 - 55 % 129.1 294.1 423.2 1,199.0 1,622.2 Cash and other 82.8 82.8 .2 83.0 Total plan assets $ 129.1 $ 376.9 $ 506.0 $ 3,112.3 $ 3,618.3 The following weighted-average assumptions relate to all pension plans of the Company: At December 31, 2025 2024 Discount rate 5.5 % 5.5 % Rate of increase in future compensation levels 3.8 % 3.9 % Assumed long-term rate of return on plan assets 6.7 % 6.7 % The components of the change in projected benefit obligation and change in plan assets are as follows: At December 31, 2025 2024 Change in projected benefit obligation: Benefit obligation at January 1 $ 2,765.9 $ 2,903.3 Service cost 95.4 107.6 Interest cost 144.5 135.0 Benefits paid from plan assets ( 127.9 ) ( 119.3 ) Actuarial gain ( 49.8 ) ( 224.0 ) Currency translation and other 48.2 ( 37.7 ) Participant contributions .6 1.0 Projected benefit obligation at December 31 $ 2,876.9 $ 2,765.9 Change in plan assets: Fair value of plan assets at January 1 $ 3,618.3 $ 3,494.1 Employer contributions 24.5 40.8 Actual gain on plan assets 478.2 234.0 Benefits paid from plan assets ( 127.9 ) ( 119.3 ) Currency translation and other 71.4 ( 32.3 ) Participant contributions .6 1.0 Fair value of plan assets at December 31 $ 4,065.1 $ 3,618.3 Funded status at December 31 $ 1,188.2 $ 852.4 At December 31, 2025 2024 Amounts recorded on Balance Sheets: Other noncurrent assets, net $ 1,344.3 $ 995.8 Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other 38.8 29.4 Other liabilities 117.3 114.0 Accumulated other comprehensive loss: Actuarial gain ( 293.6 ) ( 80.2 ) Prior service cost 12.7 10.5 62 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) Of the December 31, 2025 amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss, $ 4.0 of unrecognized actuarial loss and $ 1.6 of unrecognized prior service cost are expected to be amortized into net pension expense in 2026. The accumulated benefit obligation for all pension plans of the Company was $ 2,561.9 and $ 2,389.9 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Information for all plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets is as follows: At December 31, 2025 2024 Projected benefit obligation $ 147.2 $ 140.4 Accumulated benefit obligation 140.7 126.4 Fair value of plan assets 5.4 4.6 The components of pension expense are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 Service cost $ 95.4 $ 107.6 $ 94.0 Interest on projected benefit obligation 144.5 135.0 127.5 Expected return on assets ( 251.7 ) ( 243.7 ) ( 230.3 ) Amortization of prior service costs 1.4 1.4 1.4 Recognized actuarial loss 1.9 7.2 4.7 Settlement and curtailment costs 2.0 Net pension (gain) expense $ ( 6.5 ) $ 7.5 $ ( 2.7 ) The components of net pension expense other than service cost are included in Interest and other expenses (income), net on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Multi-employer Plans: The Company participates in multi-employer plans in the U.S. and Europe. These are typically under collective bargaining agreements and cover its union-represented employees. The Company’s participation in the following multi-employer plans for the years ended December 31 are as follows: PENSION PLAN COMPANY CONTRIBUTIONS PENSION PLAN EIN NUMBER SURCHARGE 2025 2024 2023 Metal and Electrical Engineering Industry Pension Fund 135668 Yes $ 49.4 $ 48.4 $ 46.1 Western Metal Industry Pension Plan 91-6033499 001 Yes 3.5 4.3 4.5 Other plans .6 1.1 1.2 $ 53.5 $ 53.8 $ 51.8 The Company contributions shown in the table above approximate the multi-employer pension expense for each of the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Metal and Electrical Engineering Industry Pension Fund is a multi-employer union plan incorporating all DAF employees in the Netherlands and is covered by a collective bargaining agreement that will expire on December 31, 2026. The Company’s contributions were less than 5 % o f the total contributions to the plan for the last three reporting periods ending December 2025. The plan is required by law (the Netherlands Pension Act) to have a minimum coverage ratio in excess of 104.4 % and a policy coverage ratio in excess of 119.1 % (weighted coverage ratio of the last 12 months). Because the actual coverage ratio of 125.3 % at December 31, 2025 is above the required threshold, the funding improvement plan is no longer required. Based on the previous funding improvement plan, the required coverage of 119.1 % was expected to be reached by the end of 2033. The Western Metal Industry Pension Plan is located in the U.S. and is covered by a collective bargaining agreement that will expire on November 2, 2030. In accordance with the U.S. Pension Protection Act of 2006, the plan continued to be certified as critical (red) for the 2025 plan year and a rehabilitation plan has been implemented requiring additional contributions as long as the plan remains in critical status. Contributions by the Company were 21 % and 26 % of the total contributions to the plan for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. 63 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) Other plans are principally located in the U.S. and the Company’s contributions to these plans for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 we re less than 5 % of each plan’s total contributions. There were no significant changes for the multi-employer plans in the periods presented that affected comparability between periods. Defined Contribution Plans: The Company maintains several defined contribution benefit plans whereby it contributes designated amounts on behalf of participant employees. The largest plan is for U.S. salaried employees where the Company matches a percentage of employee contributions up to an annual limit. The match was 5 % of eligible pay in 2025, 2024 and 2023. Other plans are principally located in Australia, the Netherlands, Canada, United Kingdom and Germany. Expenses for these plans were $ 68.5 , $ 73.7 a nd $ 65.4 in 2025, 2024 and 2023 , respectively. N. INCOME TAXES The Company’s tax rate is based on income and statutory tax rates in the various jurisdictions in which the Company operates. Tax law requires certain items to be included in or excluded from the Company’s tax returns, and in some cases to be recognized in different times than the items reflected in the Company’s financial statements. As a result, the Company’s annual tax rate reflected in its financial statements is different than that reported in its tax returns. Some of these differences are permanent, such as expenses that are not deductible in the Company’s tax return, and some differences reverse over time, such as depreciation expense. These temporary differences create deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Company establishes valuation allowances for its deferred tax assets if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The components of the Company’s income before income taxes include the following: Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 Domestic $ 2,095.6 $ 3,525.1 $ 3,913.7 Foreign 927.9 1,875.8 1,804.5 $ 3,023.5 $ 5,400.9 $ 5,718.2 The components of the Company’s provision for income taxes include the following: Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 Current provision: Federal $ 44.2 $ 679.2 $ 845.5 State 63.0 158.2 179.8 Foreign 207.4 480.8 395.8 314.6 1,318.2 1,421.1 Deferred obligation (benefit): Federal 293.6 ( 65.8 ) ( 141.5 ) State 17.4 ( 7.1 ) ( 24.4 ) Foreign 22.1 ( 6.4 ) ( 137.8 ) 333.1 ( 79.3 ) ( 303.7 ) $ 647.7 $ 1,238.9 $ 1,117.4 Tax benefits recognized for net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards were $ 9.5 , $ 8.3 and $ 118.2 for the years ended 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. 64 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) A reconciliation of the statutory U.S. federal tax rate to the effective income tax rate is as follows: 2025 2024 2023 Statutory Tax $ 634.9 21.0 % $ 1,134.2 21.0 % $ 1,200.8 21.0 % Effect of: Domestic Federal Tax Credits Research and development tax credit ( 60.4 ) ( 2.0 ) ( 48.2 ) ( .9 ) ( 39.5 ) ( .7 ) Other ( .3 ) ( .5 ) Cross-border tax laws Foreign-derived intangible income ( 6.5 ) ( .2 ) ( 36.0 ) ( .7 ) ( 43.2 ) ( .8 ) Other ( 3.2 ) ( .1 ) ( .3 ) 3.3 Other Domestic Federal ( 18.0 ) ( .6 ) ( 10.8 ) ( .2 ) ( 8.0 ) ( .1 ) Domestic state and local income taxes, net of federal income tax effect 66.5 2.2 120.0 2.2 124.0 2.2 Foreign Brasil Brasil valuation allowance release ( 119.7 ) ( 2.1 ) Other ( 2.0 ) ( .1 ) 13.5 .2 ( 6.9 ) ( .1 ) Other foreign jurisdictions 36.7 1.2 67.0 1.3 6.6 .1 Total Tax Provision $ 647.7 21.4 % $ 1,238.9 22.9 % $ 1,117.4 19.5 % The states that contribute to the majority of the effect of the domestic state income tax expense include California, Minnesota, Tennessee, Georgia, Wisconsin and Maryland. At December 31, 2025, the Company had NOL carryforwards totaling $ 441.0 , consisting of $ 357.0 attributable to foreign subsidiaries and $ 84.0 related to U.S. state jurisdictions. The related NOL deferred tax asset was $ 116.6 , against which a $ 5.9 valuation allowance has been recorded. The NOL carryforwards have varying expirations periods ranging from three years to indefinite, including $ 313.9 of foreign subsidiaries’ NOLs that do not expire. Some NOLs are subject to certain limitations under applicable laws. The Company evaluates the realizability of its NOL carryforwards on a regular basis, considering both historical results and projected future results. In July 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) was enacted in the United States. Key provisions of OBBBA include reinstating a 100% deduction of qualifying research and development costs beginning in 2025, as well as a deduction for previously capitalized research and development costs, and 100% bonus depreciation for qualified property. The Company recognized the income tax timing effects of OBBBA in its 2025 financial statements, including a reduction of $ 365.8 in deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2025. Also from the OBBBA adoption, the Company became subject to corporate alternative minimum tax (CAMT) and recorded $ 42.3 of CAMT credit carryforwards at December 31, 2025. These tax credit carryforwards do not expire and are expected to be used to offset future federal income tax liabilities and, accordingly, did not impact the Company’s effective tax rate for 2025. 65 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) The tax effects of temporary differences representing deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows: At December 31, 2025 2024 Assets: Accrued liabilities $ 308.5 $ 308.2 R&D expense capitalization 365.8 NOL, CAMT and other credit carryforwards 170.1 110.3 Inventory adjustments 76.3 62.9 Allowance for losses on receivables 75.6 50.6 Other 159.5 127.5 790.0 1,025.3 Valuation allowance ( 5.9 ) ( 1.6 ) 784.1 1,023.7 Liabilities: Financial Services leasing depreciation ( 579.6 ) ( 559.5 ) Depreciation and amortization ( 250.0 ) ( 231.5 ) Postretirement benefit plans ( 296.8 ) ( 210.3 ) Other ( 53.9 ) ( 98.7 ) ( 1,180.3 ) ( 1,100.0 ) Net deferred tax liability $ ( 396.2 ) $ ( 76.3 ) The balance sheet classifications of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows: At December 31, 2025 2024 Truck, Parts and Other: Other noncurrent assets, net $ 230.0 $ 485.2 Other liabilities ( 170.3 ) ( 102.7 ) Financial Services: Other assets 76.1 60.1 Deferred taxes and other liabilities ( 532.0 ) ( 518.9 ) Net deferred tax liability $ ( 396.2 ) $ ( 76.3 ) As of December 31, 2025, the Company intends to indefinitely reinvest its foreign earnings and cash unless such repatriation results in no or minimal tax costs. For the earnings the Company intends to indefinitely reinvest, no deferred tax liabilities for foreign withholding or other taxes have been recorded. Income taxes paid (net of refunds) for the years ending December 31: 2025 2024 2023 U.S. federal $ 277.4 $ 709.5 $ 856.8 U.S. state and local 55.9 137.7 201.3 Foreign: Mexico 129.2 97.7 69.8 Australia 52.8 74.9 72.0 Canada 46.9 61.9 44.6 Netherlands 26.6 131.0 163.8 Other foreign jurisdictions 57.5 106.0 91.0 Total income tax payments (net of refunds) $ 646.3 $ 1,318.7 $ 1,499.3 66 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows: 2025 2024 2023 Balance at January 1 $ 38.9 $ 31.2 $ 27.8 Additions for tax positions related to the current year 1.2 9.4 7.7 Additions for tax positions related to prior years 4.3 3.9 2.6 Reductions for tax positions related to prior years ( 9.2 ) ( 1.6 ) Lapse of statute of limitations ( 7.3 ) ( 5.6 ) ( 5.3 ) Balance at December 31 $ 27.9 $ 38.9 $ 31.2 The Company had $ 27.9 , $ 38.9 and $ 31.2 of unrecognized tax benefits, all of which would impact the effective tax rate, if recognized, as of December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company recognized a $ .3 net benefit in 2025, and interest expense of $ 1.1 and $ .8 in 2024 and 2023, respectively. Accrued interest expense and penalties were $ 2.4 , $ 2.7 and $ 1.7 as of December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Interest and penalties are classified as Income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company believes it is reasonably possible that approximately $ 8.5 of unrecognized tax benefits, primarily related to research and development tax credits, may be resolved within the next 12 months. As of December 31, 2025 , the statute of limitations has lapsed for U.S. federal income tax purposes for all years prior to 2022. The Company’s open years for tax examinations in other major jurisdictions include 2011 through 2025 . O. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss): The components of AOCI and the changes in AOCI, net of tax, included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, consisted of the following: DERIVATIVE CONTRACTS MARKETABLE DEBT SECURITIES PENSION PLANS FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION TOTAL Balance at January 1, 2025 $ 32.5 $ ( .7 ) $ 69.7 $ ( 1,214.8 ) $ ( 1,113.3 ) Recorded into AOCI ( 168.8 ) 19.2 207.3 574.6 632.3 Reclassified out of AOCI 139.7 .7 3.9 144.3 Net other comprehensive (loss) income ( 29.1 ) 19.9 211.2 574.6 776.6 Balance at December 31, 2025 $ 3.4 $ 19.2 $ 280.9 $ ( 640.2 ) $ ( 336.7 ) DERIVATIVE CONTRACTS MARKETABLE DEBT SECURITIES PENSION PLANS FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION TOTAL Balance at January 1, 2024 $ ( 11.0 ) $ ( 13.9 ) $ ( 110.3 ) $ ( 558.7 ) $ ( 693.9 ) Recorded into AOCI 204.2 15.5 173.1 ( 656.1 ) ( 263.3 ) Reclassified out of AOCI ( 160.7 ) ( 2.3 ) 6.9 ( 156.1 ) Net other comprehensive income (loss) 43.5 13.2 180.0 ( 656.1 ) ( 419.4 ) Balance at December 31, 2024 $ 32.5 $ ( .7 ) $ 69.7 $ ( 1,214.8 ) $ ( 1,113.3 ) DERIVATIVE CONTRACTS MARKETABLE DEBT SECURITIES PENSION PLANS FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION TOTAL Balance at January 1, 2023 $ 35.1 $ ( 43.6 ) $ ( 110.9 ) $ ( 834.0 ) $ ( 953.4 ) Recorded into AOCI ( 137.9 ) 32.4 ( 4.0 ) 275.3 165.8 Reclassified out of AOCI 91.8 ( 2.7 ) 4.6 93.7 Net other comprehensive (loss) income ( 46.1 ) 29.7 .6 275.3 259.5 Balance at December 31, 2023 $ ( 11.0 ) $ ( 13.9 ) $ ( 110.3 ) $ ( 558.7 ) $ ( 693.9 ) 67 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) Reclassifications out of AOCI during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were as follows: LINE ITEM IN THE CONSOLIDATED AMOUNT RECLASSIFIED OUT OF AOCI AOCI COMPONENTS STATEMENTS OF INCOME 2025 2024 2023 Unrealized losses (gains) on derivative contracts: Truck, Parts and Other Foreign-exchange contracts Net sales and revenues $ 5.6 $ ( 12.1 ) $ 31.9 Cost of sales and revenues ( 29.9 ) ( 28.8 ) 2.2 Interest and other expenses (income), net 39.3 ( 15.6 ) ( .9 ) Commodity contracts Cost of sales and revenues ( .4 ) 13.1 4.2 Financial Services Foreign-exchange contracts Interest and other borrowing expenses 14.8 ( 7.3 ) ( 2.1 ) Interest-rate contracts Interest and other borrowing expenses 146.2 ( 149.5 ) 76.5 Pre-tax expense increase (reduction) 175.6 ( 200.2 ) 111.8 Tax (benefit) expense ( 35.9 ) 39.5 ( 20.0 ) After-tax expense increase (reduction) 139.7 ( 160.7 ) 91.8 Unrealized losses (gains) on marketable debt securities: Marketable debt securities Investment income 1.0 ( 3.0 ) ( 3.6 ) Tax (benefit) expense ( .3 ) .7 .9 After-tax income reduction (increase) .7 ( 2.3 ) ( 2.7 ) Pension plans: Truck, Parts and Other Actuarial loss Interest and other expenses (income), net 1.9 7.2 4.7 Prior service costs Interest and other expenses (income), net 1.4 1.4 1.4 Settlement and curtailment costs Interest and other expenses (income), net 2.0 Pre-tax expense increase 5.3 8.6 6.1 Tax benefit ( 1.4 ) ( 1.7 ) ( 1.5 ) After-tax expense increase 3.9 6.9 4.6 Total reclassifications out of AOCI $ 144.3 $ ( 156.1 ) $ 93.7 Other Capital Stock Changes: The Company purchased and retired .4 million treasury shares in 2025 and nil in 2024 and 2023 . P. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS As part of its risk management strategy, the Company enters into derivative contracts to hedge against the risks of interest rates, foreign currency rates and commodity prices. Interest-Rate Contracts: The Company enters into various interest-rate contracts, including interest-rate swaps and cross currency interest-rate swaps. Interest-rate swaps involve the exchange of fixed for floating-rate or floating for fixed rate interest payments based on the contractual notional amounts in a single currency. Cross currency interest-rate swaps involve the exchange of notional amounts and interest payments in different currencies. The Company is exposed to interest-rate and exchange-rate risk caused by market volatility as a result of its borrowing activities. The objective of these contracts is to mitigate the fluctuations on earnings, cash flows and fair value of borrowings. Net amounts paid or received are reflected as adjustments to interest expense. At December 31, 2025, the notional amount of the Company’s interest-rate contracts was $ 4,390.7 with amounts expiring over the next 8.2 years. Notional maturities for all interest-rate contracts are $ 1,278.9 for 2026, $ 860.1 for 2027, $ 833.4 for 2028, $ 972.5 for 2029, $ 33.8 for 2030 and $ 412.0 thereafter. 68 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) Foreign-Exchange Contracts: The Company enters into foreign-exchange contracts to hedge certain anticipated transactions and assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, particularly the Canadian dollar, the euro, the British pound, the Australian dollar, the Brazilian real and the Mexican peso. The objective is to reduce fluctuations in earnings and cash flows associated with changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The Company enters into foreign-exchange contracts as net investment hedges to reduce the foreign currency exposure from its investments in foreign subsidiaries. At December 31, 2025, the notional amount of the outstanding foreign-exchange contracts was $ 1,668.1 . For eign-exchange contracts typically mature within one year . Commodity Contracts: The Company enters into commodity forward contracts to hedge the prices of certain commodities used in the production of trucks. The objective is to reduce the fluctuation in earnings and cash flows associated with adverse movement in commodity prices. At December 31, 2025, the notional amount of the outstanding commodity contracts was $ 10.7 . Commodity contracts mature within one year . The following table presents the balance sheet classification, fair value, gross and net amounts of derivative financial instruments: At December 31, 2025 2024 ASSETS LIABILITIES ASSETS LIABILITIES Derivatives designated under hedge accounting: Interest-rate contracts: Financial Services: Other assets $ 50.0 $ 132.2 Deferred taxes and other liabilities $ 76.8 $ 41.1 Foreign-exchange contracts: Truck, Parts and Other: Other current assets 11.9 67.6 Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other 84.3 3.0 Financial Services: Other assets 5.8 Deferred taxes and other liabilities 4.2 Commodity contracts: Truck, Parts and Other: Other current assets .3 $ 62.2 $ 165.3 $ 205.6 $ 44.1 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: Foreign-exchange contracts: Truck, Parts and Other: Other current assets $ .5 $ 1.2 Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other $ .9 $ 2.4 Financial Services: Other assets .3 .2 Deferred taxes and other liabilities .1 .2 $ .8 $ 1.0 $ 1.4 $ 2.6 Gross amounts recognized in Balance Sheets $ 63.0 $ 166.3 $ 207.0 $ 46.7 Less amounts not offset in financial instruments, subject to enforceable master netting arrangements: Truck, Parts and Other: Foreign-exchange contracts $ ( .4 ) $ ( .4 ) $ ( .9 ) $ ( .9 ) Commodity contracts Financial Services: Interest-rate contracts ( 15.6 ) ( 15.6 ) ( 11.4 ) ( 11.4 ) Net amount $ 47.0 $ 150.3 $ 194.7 $ 34.4 69 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) The following table presents the amount of loss (gain) from derivative financial instruments recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income: Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 INTEREST- FOREIGN- INTEREST- FOREIGN- INTEREST- FOREIGN- RATE EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE Truck, Parts and Other: Net sales and revenues Cash flow hedges $ 5.6 $ ( 12.1 ) $ 31.9 Cost of sales and revenues Cash flow hedges ( 29.9 ) ( 28.8 ) 2.2 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments ( 1.5 ) ( 5.1 ) Interest and other expenses (income), net Cash flow hedges 39.3 ( 9.2 ) 12.8 Net investment hedges ( 12.6 ) ( 9.8 ) ( 8.7 ) Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments 12.1 ( 10.2 ) 8.8 $ 13.0 $ ( 70.1 ) $ 41.9 Financial Services: Interest and other borrowing expenses Cash flow hedges $ 146.2 $ 14.8 $ ( 149.5 ) $ ( 5.0 ) $ 76.5 $ 1.8 Fair value hedges 2.1 9.3 9.8 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments ( 5.2 ) 9.7 1.7 $ 148.3 $ 9.6 $ ( 140.2 ) $ 4.7 $ 86.3 $ 3.5 Total $ 148.3 $ 22.6 $ ( 140.2 ) $ ( 65.4 ) $ 86.3 $ 45.4 The (gain) loss from commodity contracts recorded in cost of sales and revenue was $ ( .4 ) , $ 13.1 and $ 4.2 for the years ended 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Fair Value Hedges Changes in the fair value of derivatives designated as fair value hedges are recorded in earnings together with the changes in fair value of the hedged item attributable to the risk being hedged. The following table presents the amounts recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges: At December 31, 2025 2024 Financial Services Term notes : Carrying amount of the hedged liabilities $ 753.7 $ 543.1 Cumulative basis adjustment increase (decrease) included in the carrying amount 3.9 ( 8.6 ) The above table excludes the cumulative basis adjustments on discontinued hedge relationships of nil and $ ( 2.9 ) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Cash Flow Hedges Substantially all of the Company’s interest-rate contracts and some foreign-exchange contracts and commodity contracts have been designated as cash flow hedges. Changes in the fair value of derivatives designated as cash flow hedges are recorded in AOCI. Amounts in AOCI are reclassified into net income in the same period in which the hedged transaction affects earnings. The Company elected to exclude the forward premium component (excluded component) on some foreign-exchange cash flow hedges and amortize the excluded component over the life of the derivative instruments. The amortization of the excluded component is recognized in Interest and other expenses (income), net in the Truck, Parts and Other segment and Interest and other borrowing expenses in the Financial Services segment in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The maximum length of time over which the Company is hedging its exposure to the variability in future cash flows is 6.9 years. 70 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) The following table presents the pre-tax effect of (loss) gain on cash flow hedges recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) (OCI): Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 INTEREST- FOREIGN- INTEREST- FOREIGN- INTEREST- FOREIGN- RATE EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE (Loss) gain recognized in OCI: Truck, Parts and Other $ ( 35.6 ) $ 88.9 $ ( 65.7 ) Financial Services $ ( 162.9 ) ( 16.9 ) $ 176.9 9.2 $ ( 110.5 ) 1.8 $ ( 162.9 ) $ ( 52.5 ) $ 176.9 $ 98.1 $ ( 110.5 ) $ ( 63.9 ) The pre-tax effect of gain (loss) on commodity hedges recognized in other comprehensive income (OCI) for Truck, Parts and Other was $ .7 , $ ( 13.9 ) and $ ( .5 ) in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The amount of loss in AOCI at December 31, 2025 that is estimated to be reclassified into earnings in the following 12 months if interest rates and exchange rates remain unchanged is approximately $ 40.7 , net of taxes. The fixed interest earned on finance receivables will offset the amount recognized in interest expense, resulting in a stable interest margin consistent with the Company’s risk management strategy. The amount of losses reclassified out of AOCI into net income based on the probability that the original forecasted transactions would not occur were $ .1 for the year ended December 31, 2025, $ 2.8 for the year ended December 31, 2024 and nil for the year ended December 31, 2023. Net Investment Hedges Changes in the fair value of derivatives designated as net investment hedges are recorded in AOCI as an adjustment to the Cumulative Translation Adjustment (CTA). The notional amount of the outstanding net investment hedges was $ 638.1 , $ 553.8 and $ 443.6 at December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The pre-tax (loss) gain recognized in OCI for the net investment hedges was $ ( 101.4 ) , $ 32.6 and $ ( 8.2 ) at December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 , respectively. Q. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS Fair value represents the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value are either observable or unobservable. These inputs have been categorized into the fair value hierarchy described below. Level 1 – Valuations are based on quoted prices that the Company has the ability to obtain in actively traded markets for identical assets or liabilities. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market or exchange traded market, valuation of these instruments does not require a significant degree of judgment. Level 2 – Valuations are based on quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market. Level 3 – Valuations are based on model-based techniques for which some or all of the assumptions are obtained from indirect market information that is significant to the overall fair value measurement and which require a significant degree of management judgment. The Company uses the following methods and assumptions to measure fair value for assets and liabilities subject to recurring fair value measurements. Marketable Debt Securities: The Company’s marketable debt securities consist of municipal bonds, government obligations, investment-grade corporate obligations, commercial paper, asset-backed securities and term deposits. The fair value of U.S. government obligations is determined using the market approach and is based on quoted prices in active markets and are categorized as Level 1. 71 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) The fair value of non-U.S. government bonds, municipal bonds, corporate bonds, asset-backed securities, commercial paper and term deposits is determined using the market approach and is primarily based on matrix pricing as a practical expedient which does not rely exclusively on quoted prices for a specific security. Significant inputs used to determine fair value include interest rates, yield curves, credit rating of the security and other observable market information and are categorized as Level 2. Marketable Equity Securities: The Company’s equity securities are traded on active exchanges and are classified as Level 1. Derivative Financial Instruments: The Company’s derivative contracts consist of interest-rate swaps, cross currency swaps, foreign currency exchange and commodity contracts. These derivative contracts are traded over the counter and their fair value is determined using industry standard valuation models, which are based on the income approach (i.e., discounted cash flows). The significant observable inputs into the valuation models include interest rates, yield curves, currency exchange rates, credit default swap spreads, forward rates and commodity prices and are categorized as Level 2. Assets and Liabilities Subject to Recurring Fair Value Measurement The Company’s assets and liabilities subject to recurring fair value measurements are either Level 1 or Level 2 as follows: At December 31, 2025 LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 TOTAL Assets: Marketable debt securities U.S. tax-exempt securities $ 344.5 $ 344.5 U.S. taxable municipal / non-U.S. provincial bonds 421.6 421.6 U.S. corporate securities 940.3 940.3 U.S. government securities $ 436.2 436.2 Non-U.S. corporate securities 639.7 639.7 Non-U.S. government securities 213.8 213.8 Other debt securities 207.8 207.8 Total marketable debt securities $ 436.2 $ 2,767.7 $ 3,203.9 Marketable equity securities $ 3.8 $ 3.8 Total marketable securities $ 440.0 $ 2,767.7 $ 3,207.7 Derivatives Cross currency swaps $ 30.0 $ 30.0 Interest-rate swaps 20.0 20.0 Foreign-exchange contracts 12.7 12.7 Commodity contracts .3 .3 Total derivative assets $ 63.0 $ 63.0 Liabilities: Derivatives Cross currency swaps $ 67.1 $ 67.1 Interest-rate swaps 9.7 9.7 Foreign-exchange contracts 89.5 89.5 Total derivative liabilities $ 166.3 $ 166.3 72 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) At December 31, 2024 LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 TOTAL Assets: Marketable debt securities U.S. tax-exempt securities $ 303.7 $ 303.7 U.S. taxable municipal / non-U.S. provincial bonds 380.1 380.1 U.S. corporate securities 864.2 864.2 U.S. government securities $ 285.7 285.7 Non-U.S. corporate securities 608.1 608.1 Non-U.S. government securities 164.3 164.3 Other debt securities 166.4 166.4 Total marketable debt securities $ 285.7 $ 2,486.8 $ 2,772.5 Marketable equity securities $ 6.3 $ 6.3 Total marketable securities $ 292.0 $ 2,486.8 $ 2,778.8 Derivatives Cross currency swaps $ 121.3 $ 121.3 Interest-rate swaps 10.9 10.9 Foreign-exchange contracts 74.8 74.8 Total derivative assets $ 207.0 $ 207.0 Liabilities: Derivatives Cross currency swaps $ 28.7 $ 28.7 Interest-rate swaps 12.4 12.4 Foreign-exchange contracts 5.6 5.6 Total derivative liabilities $ 46.7 $ 46.7 Fair Value Disclosure of Other Financial Instruments For financial instruments that are not recognized at fair value, the Company uses the following methods and assumptions to determine the fair value. These instruments are categorized as Level 2, except cash which is categorized as Level 1 and fixed rate loans which are categorized as Level 3. Cash and Cash Equivalents: Carrying amounts approximate fair value. Financial Services Net Receivables: For floating-rate loans, floating-rate wholesale financing, and operating lease and other trade receivables, carrying values approximate fair values. For fixed rate loans, fair values are estimated using the income approach by discounting cash flows to their present value based on assumptions regarding the credit and market risks to approximate current rates for comparable loans. Finance lease receivables and related allowance for credit losses have been excluded from the accompanying table. Debt: The carrying amounts of Financial Services commercial paper, variable rate bank loans and variable rate term notes approximate fair value. For fixed rate debt, fair values are estimated using the income approach by discounting cash flows to their present value based on current rates for comparable debt. The Company’s estimate of fair value for fixed rate loans and debt that are not carried at fair value was as follows: At December 31, 2025 2024 CARRYING FAIR CARRYING FAIR AMOUNT VALUE AMOUNT VALUE Assets: Financial Services fixed rate loans $ 9,928.0 $ 10,118.4 $ 8,900.6 $ 8,889.3 Liabilities: Financial Services fixed rate debt 10,453.1 10,570.6 9,922.2 9,917.6 73 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions, except per share data) R. STOCK COMPENSATION PLANS PACCAR has certain plans under which officers and key employees may be granted options to purchase shares of the Company’s authorized but unissued common stock under plans approved by stockholders. Non‑employee directors and certain officers may be granted restricted shares of the Company’s common stock under plans approved by stockholders. Options outstanding under these plans were granted with exercise prices equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant. Options expire no later than ten years from the grant date and generally vest after three years . Restricted stock awards generally vest over three years or earlier upon meeting certain age and service requirements. The Company recognizes compensation cost on these options and restricted stock awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite period the employee is required to render service less estimated forfeitures based on historical experience. The plans contain antidilution provisions. The maximum number of shares of the Company’s common stock authorized for issuance under these plans is 70.0 million shares, and as of December 31, 2025, the maximum number of shares available for future grants was 13.7 million. The assumptions used in determining the fair value of the option awards for each of the grant years are as follows: 2025 2024 2023 Risk-free interest rate 4.59 % 4.21 % 3.84 % Expected volatility 27 % 27 % 26 % Expected dividend yield 3.9 % 4.4 % 4.5 % Expected term 6 years 6 years 6 years Weighted-average grant date fair value of options per share $ 23.44 $ 20.08 $ 13.17 The estimated fair value of each option award is determined on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model that uses assumptions noted in the table above. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. Expected volatility is based on historical volatility. The dividend yield is based on an estimated future dividend yield using projected net income for the next five years, implied dividends and Company stock price. The expected term is based on the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding based on historical experience. The fair value of options granted was $ 15.5 , $ 13.5 and $ 11.9 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The fair value of options vested was $ 11.2 , $ 7.4 and $ 6.8 during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. A summary of activity under the Company’s stock plans is presented below: 2025 2024 2023 Intrinsic value of options exercised $ 38.9 $ 56.8 $ 41.2 Cash received from stock option exercises 43.6 52.0 51.7 Tax benefit related to stock award exercises 11.6 8.0 5.4 Stock-based compensation 24.1 22.9 21.2 Tax benefit related to stock-based compensation 2.5 2.1 1.7 74 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions, except per share data) The summary of options as of December 31, 2025 and changes during the year then ended are presented below: PER SHARE REMAINING AGGREGATE NUMBER EXERCISE CONTRACTUAL INTRINSIC OF SHARES PRICE* LIFE IN YEARS* VALUE Options outstanding at January 1 3,435,800 $ 68.77 Granted 660,000 109.13 Exercised ( 777,000 ) 56.11 Cancelled ( 194,000 ) 96.72 Options outstanding at December 31 3,124,800 $ 78.71 6.68 $ 96.3 Vested and expected to vest 3,003,300 $ 77.64 6.61 $ 95.7 Exercisable 1,266,400 $ 57.29 4.71 $ 66.1 * Weighted-average The fair value of restricted shares is determined based upon the stock price on the date of grant. The summary of nonvested restricted shares as of December 31, 2025 and changes during the year then ended is presented below: NUMBER GRANT DATE NONVESTED SHARES OF SHARES FAIR VALUE* Nonvested awards outstanding at January 1 245,400 $ 82.07 Granted 125,700 108.21 Vested ( 172,500 ) 84.38 Forfeited ( 8,600 ) 87.29 Nonvested awards outstanding at December 31 190,000 $ 97.03 * Weighted-average As of December 31, 2025, there was $ 10.7 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock options, which is recognized over a remaining weighted-average vesting period of 1.51 years. Unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted stock awards of $ 1.9 is expected to be recogn ized over a remaining weighted-average vesting period of 1.19 years. The dilutive and antidilutive options are shown separately in the table below: Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 Additional shares 857,500 1,261,900 1,099,000 Antidilutive options 1,330,500 671,000 891,500 75 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) S. SEGMENT AND RELATED INFORMATION PACCAR operates in three principal segments: Truck, Parts and Financial Services. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). The CEO has principal executives (Segment Managers) who oversee the major business operations of the Company. The CEO allocates resources and evaluates the performance of its Truck and Parts segments based on operating profits, which excludes investment income, other income and expense, and income taxes. The Financial Services segment’s performance is evaluated based on income before income taxes. Geographic revenues from external customers are presented based on the country of the customer. The accounting policies of the reportable segments are the same as those applied in the consolidated financial statements as described in Note A. Truck and Parts: The Truck segment includes the design and manufacture of high-quality, light-, medium- and heavy-duty commercial trucks and the Parts segment includes the distribution of aftermarket parts for trucks and related commercial vehicles, both of which are sold through the same network of independent dealers. These segments derive a large proportion of their revenues and operating profits from operations in North America and Europe. The Truck segment incurs substantial costs to design, manufacture and sell trucks to its customers. The sale of new trucks provides the Parts segment with the basis for parts sales that may continue over the life of the truck, but are generally concentrated in the first five years after truck delivery. To reflect the benefit the Parts segment receives from costs incurred by the Truck segment, certain expenses are allocated from the Truck segment to the Parts segment. The expenses allocated are based on a percentage of the average annual expenses for factory overhead, engineering, research and development and SG&A expenses for the preceding five years. The allocation is based on the ratio of the average parts direct margin dollars (net sales less material and labor costs) to the total Truck and Parts direct margin dollars for the previous five years. The Company believes such expenses have been allocated on a reasonable basis. Truck segment assets related to the indirect expense allocation are not allocated to the Parts segment. Other (income) expenses included in the Truck and Parts segments is primarily the effects of foreign currency translation. Financial Services: The Financial Services segment derives its earnings primarily from financing or leasing of PACCAR products and services provided to truck customers and dealers. Revenues are primarily generated from operations in North America and Europe. In Europe, the marketing of used trucks, including those units sold by the Truck segment subject to an RVG, is performed by the Financial Services segment. When a customer returns the truck at the end of the RVG contract, the Company’s Truck segment records a reduction in an RVG liability and the Company’s Financial Services segment records a used truck asset and revenue from the subsequent sale. Certain gains and losses from the sale of these used trucks are shared with the Truck segment. Other: Included in Other is sales, income and expenses not attributable to a reportable segment, as well as the Company’s industrial winch manufacturing business through October 31, 2024. In the fourth quarter of 2024 PACCAR sold its industrial winch business. The resulting gain on sale is included in Truck, Parts and Other "Interest and other expenses (income), net" on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income. The primary items in Other include non-service cost components of pension expense, certain corporate income and expenses and a charge for civil litigation claims in Europe for 2025 and 2023. Intercompany interest (expense) income on dealer wholesale financing of $ ( 67.2 ) , $ ( 80.9 ) and $ ( 91.2 ) , and on cash advances with the financial services companies of $ 11.7 , $ 13.6 and $ 12.4 for 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, are also included. 76 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) Geographic Area Data 2025 2024 2023 Net sales and revenues: United States $ 15,429.9 $ 18,664.5 $ 18,841.6 Europe 6,945.9 6,962.6 8,741.4 Other 6,069.0 8,036.7 7,544.4 $ 28,444.8 $ 33,663.8 $ 35,127.4 Property, plant and equipment, net: United States $ 2,363.9 $ 2,124.1 $ 1,950.9 The Netherlands 858.3 697.7 654.0 Belgium 505.8 479.9 550.4 Other 777.3 683.9 624.8 $ 4,505.3 $ 3,985.6 $ 3,780.1 Equipment on operating leases, net: Mexico $ 443.8 $ 405.4 $ 420.2 United States 355.2 507.7 524.9 Spain 223.3 216.6 303.3 France 205.0 204.2 223.5 Poland 167.7 127.7 187.9 Germany 165.0 179.1 247.1 The Netherlands 50.8 62.3 137.8 Other 315.1 257.6 258.3 $ 1,925.9 $ 1,960.6 $ 2,303.0 2025 Business Segment Data Truck Parts Other Truck, Parts and Other Financial Services Total Net sales and revenues $ 19,748.0 $ 6,946.3 $ ( 3.9 ) $ 26,690.4 $ 2,209.7 $ 28,900.1 Less intersegment ( 382.7 ) ( 72.6 ) ( 455.3 ) ( 455.3 ) External Customers $ 19,365.3 $ 6,873.7 $ ( 3.9 ) $ 26,235.1 $ 2,209.7 $ 28,444.8 Cost of sales and revenues 17,904.8 4,818.7 13.2 22,736.7 22,736.7 Research and development 321.7 123.8 445.5 445.5 Selling, general and administrative 237.7 257.8 81.1 576.6 159.2 735.8 Interest and other borrowing expenses 783.0 783.0 Depreciation and other expenses 657.6 657.6 Provision for losses on receivables 124.5 124.5 Other segment expenses, net* 30.3 5.4 248.6 284.3 284.3 $ 870.8 $ 1,668.0 $ ( 346.8 ) $ 2,192.0 $ 485.4 $ 2,677.4 Investment income 346.1 Income (loss) before income taxes $ 870.8 $ 1,668.0 $ ( 346.8 ) $ 2,192.0 $ 485.4 $ 3,023.5 Depreciation and amortization: $ 367.3 $ 15.7 $ 24.7 $ 407.7 $ 419.7 $ 827.4 Expenditures for long-lived assets: $ 668.8 $ 19.4 $ 40.1 $ 728.3 $ 643.7 $ 1,372.0 * In 2025, Other includes a $ 350.0 charge related to civil litigation in Europe (EC-related claims) which is discussed in Note L. 77 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (currencies in millions) 2024 Business Segment Data Truck Parts Other Truck, Parts and Other Financial Services Total Net sales and revenues $ 25,274.2 $ 6,743.9 $ 59.5 $ 32,077.6 $ 2,099.5 $ 34,177.1 Less intersegment ( 435.8 ) ( 77.5 ) ( 513.3 ) ( 513.3 ) External Customers $ 24,838.4 $ 6,666.4 $ 59.5 $ 31,564.3 $ 2,099.5 $ 33,663.8 Cost of sales and revenues 21,389.8 4,604.4 75.4 26,069.6 26,069.6 Research and development