10-Q – 2025-11-06 – wtfc-20250930.htm

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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 _________________________________________

FORM 10-Q
_________________________________________

☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025
OR

☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from              to
Commission File Number 001-35077
_____________________________________ 
WINTRUST FINANCIAL CORP ORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)  

Illinois 36-3873352
(State of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

9700 W. Higgins Road, Suite 800
Rosemont , Illinois 60018
(Address of principal executive offices)
( 847 )  939-9000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Title of Each Class  Ticker Symbol Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, no par value WTFC The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Depositary Shares, Each Representing a 1/1,000 th Interest in a Share of
WTFCN The Nasdaq Global Select Market
7.875% Fixed-Rate Reset Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series F, no par value
____________________________________ 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.     Yes    ☑     No   ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).     Yes    ☑     No   ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ☑ Accelerated filer ☐

Non-accelerated filer ☐
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company ☐

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.    ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes   ☐    No   ☑
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
Common Stock — no par value, 66,971,158 shares, as of October 31, 2025

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS
 

Page
PART I. — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. Financial Statements
1

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
49

ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
78

ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures
79

PART II. — OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings
80

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors
80

ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
80

ITEM 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities NA
ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures NA
ITEM 5. Other Information
81

ITEM 6. Exhibits
81

Signatures
82

Table of Contents

PART I

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

WINTRUST FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CONDITION

(Unaudited) (Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) September 30,
2025 December 31,
2024 September 30,
2024
Assets
Cash and due from banks $ 565,406   $ 452,017   $ 725,465  
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements 63   6,519   5,663  
Interest-bearing deposits with banks 3,422,452   4,409,753   3,648,117  
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value 5,274,124   4,141,482   3,912,232  
Held-to-maturity securities, at amortized cost, net of allowance for credit losses of $ 395 , $ 457 and $ 479 at September 30, 2025, December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024, respectively ($ 2.9 billion, $ 2.9 billion and $ 3.1 billion fair value at September 30, 2025, December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024, respectively)
3,438,406   3,613,263   3,677,420  
Trading account securities —   4,072   3,472  
Equity securities with readily determinable fair value 63,445   215,412   125,310  
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stock 282,755   281,407   266,908  
Brokerage customer receivables —   18,102   16,662  
Mortgage loans held-for-sale, at fair value 333,883   331,261   461,067  

Loans, net of unearned income 52,063,482   48,055,037   47,067,447  
Allowance for loan losses ( 386,622 ) ( 364,017 ) ( 360,279 )

Net loans 51,676,860   47,691,020   46,707,168  
Premises, software and equipment, net 775,425   779,130   772,002  
Lease investments, net 301,000   278,264   270,171  

Accrued interest receivable and other assets 1,614,674   1,739,334   1,721,090  
Receivable on unsettled securities sales 978,209   —   551,031  

Goodwill 797,639   796,942   800,780  
Other acquisition-related intangible assets 105,297   121,690   123,866  
Total assets $ 69,629,638   $ 64,879,668   $ 63,788,424  

Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Deposits:
Non-interest-bearing $ 10,952,146   $ 11,410,018   $ 10,739,132  
Interest-bearing 45,759,235   41,102,331   40,665,834  
Total deposits 56,711,381   52,512,349   51,404,966  

Federal Home Loan Bank advances 3,151,309   3,151,309   3,171,309  

Other borrowings 579,328   534,803   647,043  

Subordinated notes 298,536   298,283   298,188  
Junior subordinated debentures 253,566   253,566   253,566  

Accrued interest payable and other liabilities 1,589,761   1,785,061   1,613,638  

Total liabilities 62,583,881   58,535,371   57,388,710  
Shareholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock, no par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized:

Series D - $ 25 liquidation value; no shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2025, and 5,000,000 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024
—   125,000   125,000  
Series E - $ 25,000 liquidation value; no shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2025, and 11,500 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024
—   287,500   287,500  
Series F - $ 25,000 liquidation value; 17,000 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2025 and no shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024
425,000   —   —  
Common stock, no par value; $ 1.00 stated value; 100,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2025, December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024; 67,042,228 shares issued at September 30, 2025, 66,560,182 shares issued at December 31, 2024 and 66,546,351 shares issued at September 30, 2024
67,042   66,560   66,546  
Surplus 2,521,306   2,482,561   2,470,228  
Treasury stock, at cost, 81,019 shares at September 30, 2025, 64,955 shares at December 31, 2024, and 64,808 shares at September 30, 2024
( 9,150 ) ( 6,153 ) ( 6,098 )
Retained earnings 4,356,367   3,897,164   3,748,715  
Accumulated other comprehensive loss ( 314,808 ) ( 508,335 ) ( 292,177 )
Total shareholders’ equity 7,045,757   6,344,297   6,399,714  
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 69,629,638   $ 64,879,668   $ 63,788,424  

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
1

Table of Contents

WINTRUST FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)
Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) September 30,
2025 September 30,
2024 September 30,
2025 September 30,
2024
Interest income
Interest and fees on loans $ 832,140   $ 794,163   $ 2,398,499   $ 2,254,316  
Mortgage loans held-for-sale 4,757   6,233   13,875   15,813  
Interest-bearing deposits with banks 34,992   32,608   106,075   68,997  
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements 75   277   530   313  
Investment securities 86,426   69,592   236,495   209,049  
Trading account securities —   11   11   42  
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stock 5,444   5,451   16,144   14,903  
Brokerage customer receivables —   269   78   663  
Total interest income 963,834   908,604   2,771,707   2,564,096  
Interest expense
Interest on deposits 355,846   362,019   1,009,549   997,254  
Interest on Federal Home Loan Bank advances 26,007   26,254   77,172   73,099  
Interest on other borrowings 6,887   9,013   20,636   26,961  
Interest on subordinated notes 3,717   3,712   11,166   14,384  
Interest on junior subordinated debentures 4,367   5,023   13,006   15,011  
Total interest expense 396,824   406,021   1,131,529   1,126,709  
Net interest income 567,010   502,583   1,640,178   1,437,387  
Provision for credit losses 21,768   22,334   67,965   84,068  
Net interest income after provision for credit losses 545,242   480,249   1,572,213   1,353,319  
Non-interest income
Wealth management 37,188   37,224   108,051   107,452  
Mortgage banking 24,451   15,974   68,150   72,761  
Service charges on deposit accounts 19,825   16,430   58,689   46,787  
Gains on investment securities, net 2,972   3,189   6,818   233  
Fees from covered call options 5,619   988   14,689   7,891  
Trading gains (losses), net 172   ( 130 ) 259   617  
Operating lease income, net 15,466   15,335   45,919   43,383  
Other 25,134   24,137   68,975   95,750  
Total non-interest income 130,827   113,147   371,550   374,874  
Non-interest expense
Salaries and employee benefits 219,668   211,261   650,735   604,975  
Software and equipment 35,027   31,574   106,266   88,536  
Operating lease equipment 10,409   10,518   31,637   32,035  
Occupancy, net 20,809   19,945   61,815   58,616  
Data processing 11,329   9,984   34,713   28,779  
Advertising and marketing 19,027   18,239   50,060   48,715  
Professional fees 7,465   9,783   25,752   29,303  
Amortization of other acquisition-related intangible assets 5,196   4,042   16,394   6,322  
FDIC insurance 11,418   10,512   33,315   35,478  
Other real estate owned expense, net 262   ( 938 ) 1,410   ( 805 )
Other 39,418   35,767   115,482   102,231  
Total non-interest expense 380,028   360,687   1,127,579   1,034,185  
Income before taxes 296,041   232,709   816,184   694,008  
Income tax expense 79,787   62,708   215,364   184,325  
Net income $ 216,254   $ 170,001   $ 600,820   $ 509,683  
Preferred stock dividends 13,295   6,991   27,277   20,973  
Preferred stock redemption 14,046   —   14,046   —  
Net income applicable to common shares $ 188,913   $ 163,010   $ 559,497   $ 488,710  
Net income per common share—Basic $ 2.82   $ 2.51   $ 8.37   $ 7.79  
Net income per common share—Diluted $ 2.78   $ 2.47   $ 8.25   $ 7.67  
Cash dividends declared per common share $ 0.50   $ 0.45   $ 1.50   $ 1.35  
Weighted average common shares outstanding 66,952   64,888   66,871   62,743  
Dilutive potential common shares 1,028   1,053   945   934  
Average common shares and dilutive common shares 67,980   65,941   67,816   63,677  

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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Table of Contents

WINTRUST FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)
 

Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
(In thousands) September 30,
2025 September 30,
2024 September 30,
2025 September 30,
2024
Net income $ 216,254   $ 170,001   $ 600,820   $ 509,683  
Unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities
Before tax 75,521   168,166   155,712   69,510  
Tax effect ( 19,635 ) ( 43,688 ) ( 40,485 ) ( 17,594 )
Net of tax 55,886   124,478   115,227   51,916  
Reclassification of net gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities included in net income
Before tax 269   45   ( 119 ) 1,223  
Tax effect ( 70 ) ( 6 ) 31   ( 318 )
Net of tax 199   39   ( 88 ) 905  
Reclassification of amortization of unrealized gains on investment securities transferred to held-to-maturity from available-for-sale
Before tax 10   14   31   78  
Tax effect ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 8 ) ( 21 )
Net of tax 7   10   23   57  
Net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities 55,680   124,429   115,292   50,954  
Unrealized gains on derivative instruments
Before tax 4,280   124,848   92,317   31,914  
Tax effect ( 1,112 ) ( 32,460 ) ( 24,002 ) ( 7,879 )
Net unrealized gains on derivative instruments 3,168   92,388   68,315   24,035  
Foreign currency adjustment
Before tax ( 8,997 ) 3,884   12,123   ( 7,323 )
Tax effect 1,574   ( 680 ) ( 2,203 ) 1,388  
Net foreign currency adjustment ( 7,423 ) 3,204   9,920   ( 5,935 )
Total other comprehensive income 51,425   220,021   193,527   69,054  
Comprehensive income $ 267,679   $ 390,022   $ 794,347   $ 578,737  

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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Table of Contents

WINTRUST FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) Preferred
stock Common
stock Surplus Treasury
stock Retained
earnings Accumulated other comprehensive loss Total shareholders’ equity
Balance at June 30, 2024
$ 412,500   $ 61,825   $ 1,964,645   $ ( 5,760 ) $ 3,615,616   $ ( 512,198 ) $ 5,536,628  

Net income —  —  —  —  170,001   —  170,001  
Other comprehensive income, net of tax —  —  —  —  —  220,021   220,021  
Cash dividends declared on common stock, $ 0.45 per share
—  —  —  —  ( 29,911 ) —  ( 29,911 )
Dividends on Series D preferred stock, $ 0.41 per share and Series E preferred stock, $ 429.69 per share
—  —  —  —  ( 6,991 ) —  ( 6,991 )

Stock-based compensation —  —  9,461   —  —  —  9,461  

Common stock issued for:
Acquisition of Macatawa Bank Corporation —  4,702   494,537   —  —  —  499,239  

Restricted stock awards —  10   ( 10 ) ( 338 ) —  —  ( 338 )
Employee stock purchase plan —  9   788   —  —  —  797  
Director compensation plan —  —  807   —  —  —  807  
Balance at September 30, 2024 $ 412,500   $ 66,546   $ 2,470,228   $ ( 6,098 ) $ 3,748,715   $ ( 292,177 ) $ 6,399,714  

Balance at January 1, 2024 $ 412,500   $ 61,269   $ 1,943,806   $ ( 2,217 ) $ 3,345,399   $ ( 361,231 ) $ 5,399,526  

Net income —  —  —  —  509,683   —  509,683  
Other comprehensive income, net of tax —  —  —  —  —  69,054   69,054  
Cash dividends declared on common stock, $ 1.35 per share
—  —  —  —  ( 85,394 ) —  ( 85,394 )
Dividends on Series D preferred stock, $ 1.23 per share and Series E preferred stock, $ 1,289.07 per share
—  —  —  —  ( 20,973 ) —  ( 20,973 )

Stock-based compensation —  —  27,568   —  —  —  27,568  

Common stock issued for:
Acquisition of Macatawa Bank Corporation —  4,702   494,537   —  —  —  499,239  
Exercise of stock options —  1   24   —  —  —  25  
Restricted stock awards —  533   ( 529 ) ( 3,881 ) —  —  ( 3,877 )
Employee stock purchase plan —  26   2,414   —  —  —  2,440  
Director compensation plan —  15   2,408   —  —  —  2,423  
Balance at September 30, 2024 $ 412,500   $ 66,546   $ 2,470,228   $ ( 6,098 ) $ 3,748,715   $ ( 292,177 ) $ 6,399,714  

Balance at June 30, 2025
$ 837,500   $ 67,025   $ 2,495,637   $ ( 9,156 ) $ 4,200,923   $ ( 366,233 ) $ 7,225,696  

Net income —   —   —   —   216,254   —   216,254  
Other comprehensive income, net of tax —   —   —   —   —   51,425   51,425  
Cash dividends declared on common stock, $ 0.50 per share
—   —   —   —   ( 33,469 ) —   ( 33,469 )
Dividends on Series F preferred stock, $ 782.03 per share
—   —   —   —   ( 13,295 ) —   ( 13,295 )

Redemption of Series D and Series E preferred stock ( 412,500 ) —   14,046   —   ( 14,046 ) —   ( 412,500 )
Stock-based compensation —   —   10,071   —   —   —   10,071  
Issuance of Series F Preferred Stock —   —   ( 64 ) —   —   —   ( 64 )

Common stock issued for:

Restricted stock awards —   10   ( 16 ) 6   —   —   —  
Employee stock purchase plan —   7   839   —   —   —   846  
Director compensation plan —   —   793   —   —   —   793  
Balance at September 30, 2025 $ 425,000   $ 67,042   $ 2,521,306   $ ( 9,150 ) $ 4,356,367   $ ( 314,808 ) $ 7,045,757  

Balance at January 1, 2025 $ 412,500   $ 66,560   $ 2,482,561   $ ( 6,153 ) $ 3,897,164   $ ( 508,335 ) $ 6,344,297  

Net income —   —   —   —   600,820   —   600,820  
Other comprehensive income, net of tax —   —   —   —   —   193,527   193,527  
Cash dividends declared on common stock, $ 1.50 per share
—   —   —   —   ( 100,294 ) —   ( 100,294 )
Dividends on Series D preferred stock, $ 0.82 per share, Series E preferred stock, $ 859.38 per share and Series F preferred stock, $ 782.03 per share
—   —   —   —   ( 27,277 ) —   ( 27,277 )
Redemption of Series D and Series E preferred stock ( 412,500 ) —   14,046   —   ( 14,046 ) —   ( 412,500 )

Stock-based compensation —   —   30,646   —   —   —   30,646  
Issuance of Series F Preferred Stock 425,000   —   ( 10,852 ) —   —   —   414,148  

Common stock issued for:
Exercise of stock options —   5   215   —   —   —   220  
Restricted stock awards —   435   ( 441 ) ( 2,997 ) —   —   ( 3,003 )
Employee stock purchase plan —   23   2,588   —   —   —   2,611  
Director compensation plan —   19   2,543   —   —   —   2,562  
Balance at September 30, 2025 $ 425,000   $ 67,042   $ 2,521,306   $ ( 9,150 ) $ 4,356,367   $ ( 314,808 ) $ 7,045,757  

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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Table of Contents

WINTRUST FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

Nine Months Ended
(In thousands) September 30,
2025 September 30,
2024
Operating Activities:
Net income $ 600,820   $ 509,683  
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Provision for credit losses 67,965   84,068  
Depreciation, amortization and accretion, net 88,905   70,884  
Stock-based compensation expense 30,646   27,568  

Accretion of discount on securities, net ( 4,412 ) ( 1,380 )
Accretion of discount and deferred fees on loans, net ( 15,092 ) ( 11,876 )
Mortgage servicing rights fair value changes 29,684   26,106  
Non-designated derivatives fair value changes, net ( 9,065 ) 54,507  
Originations and purchases of mortgage loans held-for-sale ( 1,785,392 ) ( 1,964,576 )
Early buy-out exercises of mortgage loans held-for-sale guaranteed by U.S. government agencies, net of subsequent paydowns or payoffs ( 15,773 ) ( 22,558 )
Proceeds from sales of mortgage loans held-for-sale 1,785,096   1,824,513  

Bank owned life insurance (“BOLI”) gains ( 4,644 ) ( 4,519 )
Decrease in trading securities, net 4,072   1,235  
Decrease (increase) in brokerage customer receivables, net 18,102   ( 6,070 )
Gains on mortgage loans sold ( 49,990 ) ( 47,978 )
Gains on premium financing receivables sold —   ( 4,575 )
Gains on investment securities, net, and dividend reinvestment on equity securities ( 6,818 ) ( 233 )

Losses (gains) on sales of premises and equipment, net 418   ( 93 )
Losses (gains) on sales and fair value adjustments of other real estate owned, net 816   ( 1,234 )
Decrease (increase) in accrued interest receivable and other assets, net 59,739   ( 46,711 )
Decrease in accrued interest payable and other liabilities, net ( 136,388 ) ( 256,022 )
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities 658,689   230,739  
Investing Activities:
Proceeds from calls and sales of available-for-sale securities 705,703   1,218,695  
Proceeds from payments and maturities of available-for-sale securities 402,735   360,773  
Proceeds from payments, maturities and calls of held-to-maturity securities 174,383   178,553  

Proceeds from sales of equity securities with readily determinable fair value 226,542   51,792  
Proceeds from sales and capital distributions of equity securities without readily determinable fair value —   2,226  
Purchases of available-for-sale securities ( 3,040,628 ) ( 1,116,875 )

Purchases of equity securities with readily determinable fair value ( 63,413 ) ( 33,322 )
Purchases of equity securities without readily determinable fair value ( 1,682 ) ( 6,933 )
Purchases of Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stock, net ( 1,348 ) ( 61,905 )
(Contributions to) distributions from investments in partnerships, net ( 13,422 ) 2,586  
Net cash received in business combinations —   531,308  
Proceeds from sales of premium financing receivables, net —   627,450  
Proceeds from sales of other real estate owned —   11,481  

Decrease (increase) in interest-bearing deposits with banks, net 994,409   ( 1,566,241 )
Increase in loans, net ( 4,017,366 ) ( 4,361,365 )
Redemption of BOLI —   304  
Purchases of premises and equipment, net ( 26,921 ) ( 66,457 )
Net Cash Used for Investing Activities ( 4,661,008 ) ( 4,227,930 )
Financing Activities:
Increase in deposit accounts, net 4,199,032   3,697,621  
Increase in other borrowings, net 33,753   7,352  
Increase in Federal Home Loan Bank advances, net —   845,238  

Proceeds from the issuance of preferred stock, net 414,148   —  
Redemption of preferred stock ( 412,500 ) —  

Repayment of subordinated notes —   ( 140,000 )
Issuance of common shares resulting from the exercise of stock options, employee stock purchase plan and director compensation plan 5,387   4,892  

Common stock repurchases for tax withholdings related to stock-based compensation ( 2,997 ) ( 3,881 )
Dividends paid ( 127,571 ) ( 106,367 )
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities 4,109,252   4,304,855  
Net Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents 106,933   307,664  
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Period 458,536   423,464  
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period $ 565,469   $ 731,128  

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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WINTRUST FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(1) Basis of Presentation

The interim consolidated financial statements of Wintrust Financial Corporation and its subsidiaries (collectively, “Wintrust” or the “Company”) presented herein are unaudited, but in the opinion of management, reflect all necessary adjustments of a normal or recurring nature for a fair presentation of results as of the dates and for the periods covered by the interim consolidated financial statements.

The accompanying interim consolidated financial statements are unaudited and do not include information or footnotes necessary for a complete presentation of financial condition, results of operations or cash flows in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The interim unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (“2024 Form 10-K”). Operating results reported for the period are not necessarily indicative of the results which may be expected for the entire year. Reclassifications of certain prior period amounts have been made to conform to the current period presentation.

The preparation of the financial statements requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities. Management believes that the estimates made are reasonable; however, changes in estimates may be required if economic or other conditions develop differently from management’s expectations. Certain policies and accounting principles inherently have a greater reliance on the use of estimates, assumptions and judgments and as such have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported. Management views critical accounting policies to be those which are highly dependent on subjective or complex judgments, estimates and assumptions, and where changes in those estimates and assumptions could have a significant impact on the financial statements. Management currently views the determination of the allowance for credit losses, including the allowance for loan losses, the allowance for unfunded commitment losses and the allowance for held-to-maturity securities losses, estimations of fair value, the valuations required for impairment testing of goodwill, the valuation and accounting for derivative instruments and income taxes as the accounting areas that require the most subjective and complex judgments, and as such could be the most subject to revision as new information becomes available. Descriptions of the Company’s significant accounting policies are included in Note (1) “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the 2024 Form 10-K. In preparation of these financial statements, subsequent events were evaluated through the time the financial statements were issued. Financial statements are considered issued when they are widely distributed to all shareholders and other financial statement users or filed with the SEC.

(2) Recent Accounting Developments

Income Tax Disclosures

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. This ASU requires annually that all entities disclose increasingly disaggregated information on amount of income taxes paid. Further, this ASU requires annually that all public entities must disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a specific quantitative threshold. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and is to be applied either on a prospective basis or retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The Company expects adoption of this standard will expand income tax disclosures within the consolidated financial statements.

Compensation – Scope Application of Profits Interest and Similar Awards

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-01, “Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope Application of Profits Interest and Similar Awards” which clarifies the guidance by providing an illustrative example to demonstrate how an entity should apply the scope guidance in Topic 718 when determining whether profits interest and similar awards should be accounted for in accordance with Topic 718. For public business entities, this guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, including interim periods therein, and is to be applied either on a prospective basis or retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. Adoption of this standard did not impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses,” which requires public business entities to disclose additional information about specific expense categories including employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization, etc., as well as qualitative descriptions of certain expenses, in the notes to the financial statements. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. The guidance is to be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this new guidance on the consolidated financial statements.

Induced Conversions of Convertible Debt Instruments

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-04, “Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20): Induced Conversions of Convertible Debt Instruments” to clarify the requirements for determining whether certain settlements of convertible debt instruments should be accounted for as an induced conversion. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025, including interim periods therein, and is to be applied either on a prospective basis or retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. Adoption of this standard is expected to have no impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Determining the Accounting Acquirer in the Acquisition of a Variable Interest Entity

In May 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-03, “Business Combinations (Topic 805) and Consolidation (Topic 810): Determining the Accounting Acquirer in the Acquisition of a Variable Interest Entity” which requires an entity involved in an acquisition transaction affected by primarily exchanging equity interests when the legal acquirer is a variable interest entity that meets the definition of a business, to consider specific factors when determining which entity is the accounting acquirer. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, including interim periods therein, and is to be applied on a prospective basis to any acquisition transaction that occurs after the initial application date. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this new guidance on the consolidated financial statements.

Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-05, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets” which provides public business entities with a practical expedient—and private companies an accounting policy election—when estimating expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets arising from transactions accounted for under Topic Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606. In developing reasonable and supportable forecasts—if an entity elects the practical expedient—it assumes that current conditions as of the balance sheet date do not change for the remaining life of the assets in scope. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025, including interim periods therein, and is to be applied prospectively for all entities that elect either the practical expedient or accounting policy election. Early adoption is permitted. Adoption of this standard will not impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements as the Company has decided not to elect the practical expedient.

Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-06, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software” which removes all references to prescriptive and sequential software development stages, instead requiring capitalization of software costs when Management has authorized and committed to funding the software project, and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function needed. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, including interim periods therein, and can be applied either prospectively, retrospectively, or through a modified transition approach. Early adoption is permitted at the beginning of an annual reporting period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this new guidance on the consolidated financial statements.

Derivatives Scope Refinements & Scope Clarification for Share-Based Noncash Consideration

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-07, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) and Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Derivatives Scope Refinements and Scope Clarification for Share-Based Noncash Consideration from a Customer in a Revenue Contract” which covers two separate issues. Issue 1 adds a scope exception to exclude from derivative accounting non-exchange-traded contracts with underlyings linked to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of an event. Issue 2 clarifies that entities should apply the guidance in ASC 606—on noncash consideration—to a contract with share-based noncash consideration from a customer for the transfer of goods or services. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, including interim periods therein, and can be applied either on a prospective or modified
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retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this new guidance on the consolidated financial statements.

(3) Business Combinations

On August 1, 2024, the Company completed its previously announced acquisition of Macatawa Bank Corporation (“Macatawa”), the parent company of Macatawa Bank. Pursuant to the terms of the merger, each common share of Macatawa outstanding at the time of merger was converted into the right to receive 0.137 shares of Wintrust common stock, with cash paid in lieu of fractional shares. As a result, the Company issued approximately 4.7 million shares of common stock, the fair value of consideration paid was $ 499.3 million. Macatawa operates 26 full-service branches located throughout communities in Kent, Ottawa and northern Allegan counties in the state of Michigan. Macatawa offers a full range of banking, retail and commercial lending, wealth management and ecommerce services to individuals, businesses and governmental entities. As of August 1, 2024, Macatawa had fair values of approximately $ 2.9 billion in assets, $ 2.3 billion in deposits and $ 1.3 billion in loans. In conjunction with the acquisition, the Company recorded $ 53.7 million discount on acquired loans, $ 33.5 million discount on securities and recorded total intangibles of $ 253.0 million. As of the first quarter of 2025, the purchase accounting was finalized and is no longer subject to change.

(4) Cash and Cash Equivalents

For purposes of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, the Company considers cash and cash equivalents to include cash on hand, cash items in the process of collection, non-interest bearing amounts due from correspondent banks, federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements with original maturities of three months or less. These items are included within the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Condition as cash and due from banks, and federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements.

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(5) Investment Securities

The following tables are a summary of the investment securities portfolios as of the dates shown:

September 30, 2025
(In thousands) Amortized
Cost Gross
Unrealized
Gains Gross
Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value
Available-for-sale securities
U.S. Treasury $ 7,997   $ 39   $ —   $ 8,036  
U.S. government agencies 50,000   —   ( 3,489 ) 46,511  
Municipal 194,723   1,673   ( 2,152 ) 194,244  
Corporate notes:
Financial issuers 82,000   —   ( 2,628 ) 79,372  
Other 1,000   —   —   1,000  
Mortgage-backed: (1)

Residential mortgage-backed securities 4,761,918   17,519   ( 419,975 ) 4,359,462  
Commercial (multi-family) mortgage-backed securities 233,127   347   ( 5,136 ) 228,338  
Collateralized mortgage obligations 371,584   2,373   ( 16,796 ) 357,161  
Total available-for-sale securities $ 5,702,349   $ 21,951   $ ( 450,176 ) $ 5,274,124  
Held-to-maturity securities
U.S. government agencies $ 313,540   $ —   $ ( 59,178 ) $ 254,362  
Municipal 155,770   458   ( 2,283 ) 153,945  
Mortgage-backed: (1)

Residential mortgage-backed securities 2,724,442   5,421   ( 505,165 ) 2,224,698  
Commercial (multi-family) mortgage-backed securities 6,315   65   ( 102 ) 6,278  
Collateralized mortgage obligations 188,223   980   ( 17,400 ) 171,803  
Corporate notes 50,511   26   ( 653 ) 49,884  
Total held-to-maturity securities $ 3,438,801   $ 6,950   $ ( 584,781 ) $ 2,860,970  
Less: Allowance for credit losses ( 395 )
Held-to-maturity securities, net of allowance for credit losses $ 3,438,406  
Equity securities with readily determinable fair value $ 60,843   $ 6,520   $ ( 3,918 ) $ 63,445  

(1) None of our mortgage-backed securities are subprime.

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December 31, 2024
Amortized
Cost Gross
Unrealized
Gains Gross
Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value
(In thousands)
Available-for-sale securities
U.S. Treasury $ 37,858   $ 49   $ —   $ 37,907  
U.S. government agencies 50,000   —   ( 5,055 ) 44,945  
Municipal 188,405   528   ( 4,340 ) 184,593  
Corporate notes:
Financial issuers 83,997   —   ( 3,828 ) 80,169  
Other 1,000   —   ( 7 ) 993  
Mortgage-backed: (1)

Residential mortgage-backed securities 4,106,641   284   ( 553,287 ) 3,553,638  
Commercial (multi-family) mortgage-backed securities 19,064   23   ( 755 ) 18,332  
Collateralized mortgage obligations 238,574   1,187   ( 18,856 ) 220,905  
Total available-for-sale securities $ 4,725,539   $ 2,071   $ ( 586,128 ) $ 4,141,482  
Held-to-maturity securities
U.S. government agencies $ 313,539   $ —   $ ( 69,127 ) $ 244,412  
Municipal 161,016   243   ( 5,290 ) 155,969  
Mortgage-backed: (1)

Residential Mortgage-backed securities 2,864,927   —   ( 605,014 ) 2,259,913  
Commercial (multi-family) mortgage-backed securities 6,364   —   ( 252 ) 6,112  
Collateralized mortgage obligations 211,023   815   ( 22,683 ) 189,155  
Corporate notes 56,851   8   ( 1,870 ) 54,989  
Total held-to-maturity securities $ 3,613,720   $ 1,066   $ ( 704,236 ) $ 2,910,550  
Less: Allowance for credit losses ( 457 )
Held-to-maturity securities, net of allowance for credit losses $ 3,613,263  
Equity securities with readily determinable fair value $ 220,758   $ 2,905   $ ( 8,251 ) $ 215,412  

(1) None of our mortgage-backed securities are subprime.

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September 30, 2024
Amortized
Cost Gross
Unrealized
Gains Gross
Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value
(In thousands)
Available-for-sale securities
U.S. Treasury $ 98,151   $ 172   $ —   $ 98,323  
U.S. government agencies 50,000   —   ( 2,346 ) 47,654  
Municipal 201,701   1,392   ( 2,881 ) 200,212  
Corporate notes:
Financial issuers 83,997   —   ( 4,880 ) 79,117  
Other 1,000   —   —   1,000  
Mortgage-backed: (1)

Residential mortgage-backed securities 3,694,382   8,143   ( 394,844 ) 3,307,681  
Commercial (multi-family) mortgage-backed securities 19,088   308   ( 255 ) 19,141  
Collateralized mortgage obligations 172,524   1,537   ( 14,957 ) 159,104  
Total available-for-sale securities $ 4,320,843   $ 11,552   $ ( 420,163 ) $ 3,912,232  
Held-to-maturity securities
U.S. government agencies $ 314,578   $ —   $ ( 56,198 ) $ 258,380  
Municipal 165,141   488   ( 2,910 ) 162,719  
Mortgage-backed: (1)

Residential mortgage-backed securities 2,915,018   5,541   ( 485,115 ) 2,435,444  
Commercial (multi-family) mortgage-backed securities 6,379   40   ( 126 ) 6,293  
Collateralized mortgage obligations 219,758   1,457   ( 17,303 ) 203,912  
Corporate notes 57,025   —   ( 1,953 ) 55,072  
Total held-to-maturity securities $ 3,677,899   $ 7,526   $ ( 563,605 ) $ 3,121,820  
Less: Allowance for credit losses ( 479 )
Held-to-maturity securities, net of allowance for credit losses $ 3,677,420  
Equity securities with readily determinable fair value $ 127,700   $ 4,313   $ ( 6,703 ) $ 125,310  

(1) None of our mortgage-backed securities are subprime.

Equity securities without readily determinable fair values totaled $ 67.8 million as of September 30, 2025. Equity securities without readily determinable fair values are included as part of accrued interest receivable and other assets in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Condition. The Company monitors its equity investments without readily determinable fair values to identify potential transactions that may indicate an observable price change in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer, requiring adjustment to its carrying amount. During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recorded no adjustment related to such observable price changes. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recorded no upward adjustment and a downward adjustment of $ 20,000 related to such observable price changes. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded no upward or downward adjustments related to such observable price changes. The Company conducts a quarterly assessment of its equity securities without readily determinable fair values to determine whether impairment exists in such securities, considering, among other factors, the nature of the securities, financial condition of the issuer and expected future cash flows. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recorded $ 570,000 and $ 1.6  million impairment of equity securities without readily determinable fair values. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded no impairment of equity securities without readily determinable fair values. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded $ 3.7 million impairment of equity securities without readily determinable fair values.

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The following table presents the portion of the Company’s available-for-sale investment securities portfolios that have gross unrealized losses, reflecting the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at September 30, 2025:

Continuous unrealized
losses existing for
less than 12 months Continuous unrealized
losses existing for
greater than 12 months Total
(In thousands) Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale securities
U.S. Treasury $ —   $ —   $ —   $ —   $ —   $ —  
U.S. government agencies —   —   46,511   ( 3,489 ) 46,511   ( 3,489 )
Municipal 27,180   ( 276 ) 45,372   ( 1,876 ) 72,552   ( 2,152 )
Corporate notes:
Financial issuers —   —   79,372   ( 2,628 ) 79,372   ( 2,628 )
Other —   —   1,000   ( 0 ) 1,000   ( 0 )
Mortgage-backed: (1)

Residential mortgage-backed securities 746,985   ( 3,625 ) 2,174,994   ( 416,350 ) 2,921,979   ( 419,975 )
Commercial (multi-family) mortgage-backed securities 179,691   ( 4,574 ) 7,594   ( 562 ) 187,285   ( 5,136 )
Collateralized mortgage obligations 31,196   ( 102 ) 63,054   ( 16,694 ) 94,250   ( 16,796 )
Total available-for-sale securities $ 985,052   $ ( 8,577 ) $ 2,417,897   $ ( 441,599 ) $ 3,402,949   $ ( 450,176 )

(1) None of our mortgage-backed securities are subprime.

The Company conducts a regular assessment of its investment securities to determine whether securities are experiencing credit losses. Factors for consideration include the nature of the securities, credit ratings or financial condition of the issuer, the extent of the unrealized loss, expected cash flows, market conditions and the Company’s ability to hold the securities through the anticipated recovery period.

The Company does not consider available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses at September 30, 2025 to be experiencing credit losses and recognized no resulting allowance for credit losses for such individually assessed credit losses. The Company does not intend to sell these investments and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell these investments before recovery of the amortized cost bases, which may be the maturity dates of the securities. The unrealized losses within each category have occurred as a result of changes in interest rates, market spreads and market conditions subsequent to purchase. Available-for-sale securities with continuous unrealized losses existing for more than twelve months at September 30, 2025 were primarily mortgage-backed securities with unrealized losses due to increased market rates subsequent to the date the securities were purchased.

See Note (7) “Allowance for Credit Losses” in Item 1 of this report for further discussion regarding any credit losses associated with held-to-maturity securities at September 30, 2025.

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The following table provides information as to the amount of gross gains and losses, adjustments and impairment on investment securities recognized in earnings and proceeds received through the sale or call of investment securities:

Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
(In thousands) 2025 2024 2025 2024
Realized gains on investment securities $ 3,563   $ 222   $ 3,846   $ 2,582  
Realized losses on investment securities ( 2,689 ) ( 144 ) ( 3,313 ) ( 273 )
Net realized gains on investment securities 874   78   533   2,309  
Unrealized gains on equity securities with readily determinable fair value 3,352   3,126   8,689   4,234  
Unrealized losses on equity securities with readily determinable fair value ( 684 ) ( 15 ) ( 741 ) ( 2,579 )
Net unrealized gains on equity securities with readily determinable fair value 2,668   3,111   7,948   1,655  

Downward adjustments of equity securities without readily determinable fair values —   —   ( 20 ) —  
Impairment of equity securities without readily determinable fair values ( 570 ) —   ( 1,643 ) ( 3,731 )
Adjustment and impairment, net, of equity securities without readily determinable fair values ( 570 ) —   ( 1,663 ) ( 3,731 )
Gains on investment securities, net $ 2,972   $ 3,189   $ 6,818   $ 233  

The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities as of September 30, 2025, December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024, by contractual maturity, are shown in the following table. Contractual maturities may differ from actual maturities as borrowers may have the right to call or repay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Mortgage-backed securities are not included in the maturity categories in the following maturity summary as actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because the underlying mortgages may be called or prepaid without penalties:

September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 September 30, 2024
(In thousands) Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value
Available-for-sale securities
Due in one year or less $ 58,284   $ 58,315   $ 89,578   $ 89,392   $ 150,539   $ 150,627  
Due in one to five years 160,939   159,081   157,883   153,325   168,856   164,650  
Due in five to ten years 89,505   87,359   89,125   84,240   91,620   89,220  
Due after ten years 26,992   24,408   24,674   21,650   23,834   21,809  
Mortgage-backed 5,366,629   4,944,961   4,364,279   3,792,875   3,885,994   3,485,926  
Total available-for-sale securities $ 5,702,349   $ 5,274,124   $ 4,725,539   $ 4,141,482   $ 4,320,843   $ 3,912,232  
Held-to-maturity securities
Due in one year or less $ 44,853   $ 44,288   $ 18,929   $ 18,658   $ 12,026   $ 11,883  
Due in one to five years 81,277   81,174   110,897   108,056   110,330   108,416  
Due in five to ten years 91,067   87,541   71,846   70,277   84,580   83,918  
Due after ten years 302,624   245,188   329,734   258,379   329,808   271,954  
Mortgage-backed 2,918,980   2,402,779   3,082,314   2,455,180   3,141,155   2,645,649  
Total held-to-maturity securities $ 3,438,801   $ 2,860,970   $ 3,613,720   $ 2,910,550   $ 3,677,899   $ 3,121,820  
Less: Allowance for credit losses ( 395 ) ( 457 ) ( 479 )
Held-to-maturity securities, net of allowance for credit losses $ 3,438,406   $ 3,613,263   $ 3,677,420  

Securities having a carrying value of $ 8.0 billion at September 30, 2025 as well as securities having a carrying value of $ 6.9 billion and $ 7.2 billion at December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024, respectively, were pledged as collateral for public deposits, trust deposits, Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances, Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) discount window, securities sold under repurchase agreements and derivatives. At September 30, 2025, there were no securities of a single issuer, other than U.S. government-sponsored agency securities, which exceeded 10% of shareholders’ equity.
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(6) Loans

The following table shows the Company’s loan portfolio by category as of the dates shown:

September 30, December 31, September 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2025 2024 2024
Balance:
Commercial $ 16,544,342   $ 15,574,551   $ 15,247,693  
Commercial real estate 13,619,207   12,903,944   12,793,417  
Home equity 484,202   445,028   427,043  
Residential real estate 4,143,870   3,612,765   3,388,038  
Premium finance receivables—property & casualty 8,366,292   7,272,042   7,131,681  
Premium finance receivables—life insurance 8,758,553   8,147,145   7,996,899  
Consumer and other 147,016   99,562   82,676  
    Total loans, net of unearned income $ 52,063,482   $ 48,055,037   $ 47,067,447  
Mix:
Commercial 32   % 32   % 33   %
Commercial real estate 26   27   27  
Home equity 1   1   1  
Residential real estate 8   8   7  
Premium finance receivables—property & casualty 16   15   15  
Premium finance receivables—life insurance 17   17   17  
Consumer and other 0   0   0  
Total loans, net of unearned income 100   % 100   % 100   %

The Company’s loan portfolio is generally comprised of loans to consumers and small to medium-sized businesses, which, for the commercial and commercial real estate portfolios, are located primarily within the geographic market areas that the banks serve. Various niche lending businesses, including franchise lending and insurance agency lending, operate on a national level. The premium finance receivables portfolios are made to customers throughout the United States and Canada. The Company strives to maintain a loan portfolio that is diverse in terms of loan type, industry, borrower, and geographic concentrations. Such diversification reduces the exposure to economic downturns that may occur in different segments of the economy or in different industries.

Certain premium finance receivables are recorded net of unearned income. The unearned income portions of such premium finance receivables were $ 272.0  million at September 30, 2025, $ 267.7 million at December 31, 2024 and $ 266.1 million at September 30, 2024.

Total loans, excluding purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans, include net deferred loan fees and costs and fair value purchase accounting adjustments totaling $ 76.5 million at September 30, 2025, $ 78.2 million at December 31, 2024 and $ 79.4 million at September 30, 2024.

It is the policy of the Company to review each prospective credit in order to determine the appropriateness and, when required, the adequacy of security or collateral necessary to obtain when making a loan. The type of collateral, when required, will vary from liquid assets to real estate. The Company seeks to ensure access to collateral, in the event of default, through adherence to state lending laws and the Company’s credit monitoring procedures.

(7) Allowance for Credit Losses

In accordance with ASC 326, the Company is required to measure the allowance for credit losses of financial assets with similar risk characteristics on a collective or pooled basis. In considering the segmentation of financial assets measured at amortized cost into pools, the Company considered various risk characteristics in its analysis. Generally, the segmentation utilized represents the level at which the Company develops and documents its systematic methodology to determine the allowance for credit losses for the financial assets held at amortized cost, specifically the Company's loan portfolio and debt securities classified as held-to-maturity. Descriptions of the Company’s loan portfolio segments and major debt security types are included in Note (5) “Allowance for Credit Losses” of the 2024 Form 10-K.
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In accordance with ASC 326, the Company elected to not measure an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest. As such accrued interest is written off in a timely manner when deemed uncollectible. Any such write-off of accrued interest will reverse previously recognized interest income. In addition, the Company elected to not include accrued interest within presentation and disclosures of the carrying amount of financial assets held at amortized cost. This election is applicable to the various disclosures included within the Company's financial statements. Accrued interest related to financial assets held at amortized cost is included within accrued interest receivable and other assets within the Company's Consolidated Statements of Condition and totaled $ 342.4 million at September 30, 2025, $ 332.8 million at December 31, 2024, and $ 351.5 million at September 30, 2024.

The tables below show the aging of the Company’s loan portfolio by the segmentation noted above at September 30, 2025, December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024:

As of September 30, 2025 90+ days and still accruing 60-89 days past due 30-59 days past due
(In thousands) Nonaccrual Current Total Loans
Loan Balances (includes PCD):

Commercial $ 66,577   $ —   $ 12,190   $ 36,136   $ 16,429,439   $ 16,544,342  

Commercial real estate
Construction and development 3,227   —   630   40,276   2,614,020   2,658,153  
Non-construction 24,975   —   13,489   42,779   10,879,811   10,961,054  

Home equity 1,295   —   246   2,294   480,367   484,202  

Residential real estate, excluding early buy-out loans 28,942   —   8,829   95   3,981,180   4,019,046  

Premium finance receivables—property & casualty 24,512   13,006   23,527   38,133   8,267,114   8,366,292  
Premium finance receivables—life insurance —   —   34,016   34,506   8,690,031   8,758,553  

Consumer and other 38   60   49   159   146,710   147,016  
Total loans, net of unearned income, excluding early buy-out loans $ 149,566   $ 13,066   $ 92,976   $ 194,378   $ 51,488,672   $ 51,938,658  
Early buy-out loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies (1)
—   47,374   —   —   77,450   124,824  
Total loans, net of unearned income $ 149,566   $ 60,440   $ 92,976   $ 194,378   $ 51,566,122   $ 52,063,482  

As of December 31, 2024 90+ days and still accruing 60-89 days past due 30-59 days past due
(In thousands) Nonaccrual Current Total Loans
Loan Balances (includes PCD):

Commercial $ 73,490   $ 104   $ 54,844   $ 92,551   $ 15,353,562   $ 15,574,551  

Commercial real estate
Construction and development 2,282   —   1,339   4,634   2,425,826   2,434,081  
Non-construction 18,760   —   9,182   26,132   10,415,789   10,469,863  

Home equity 1,117   —   1,233   2,148   440,530   445,028  

Residential real estate, excluding early buy-out loans 23,762   —   5,708   18,917   3,407,622   3,456,009  

Premium finance receivables—property & casualty 28,797   16,031   19,042   68,219   7,139,953   7,272,042  
Premium finance receivables—life insurance 6,431   —   72,963   36,405   8,031,346   8,147,145  

Consumer and other 2   47   59   882   98,572   99,562  
Total loans, net of unearned income, excluding early buy-out loans $ 154,641   $ 16,182   $ 164,370   $ 249,888   $ 47,313,200   $ 47,898,281  
Early buy-out loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies (1)
—   33,952   618   2,335   119,851   156,756  
Total loans, net of unearned income $ 154,641   $ 50,134   $ 164,988   $ 252,223   $ 47,433,051   $ 48,055,037  

(1) Early buy-out loans are insured or guaranteed by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) or the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, subject to indemnifications and insurance limits for certain loans.

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As of September 30, 2024 90+ days and still accruing 60-89 days past due 30-59 days past due
(In thousands) Nonaccrual Current Total Loans
Loan Balances (includes PCD):

Commercial $ 63,826   $ 20   $ 32,560   $ 46,057   $ 15,105,230   $ 15,247,693  

Commercial real estate
Construction and development 2,284   —   757   1,798   2,398,851   2,403,690  
Non-construction 39,787   225   12,682   46,548   10,290,485   10,389,727  

Home equity 1,122   —   1,035   2,580   422,306   427,043  

Residential real estate, excluding early buy-out loans 17,959   —   6,364   2,160   3,226,166   3,252,649  

Premium finance receivables—property & casualty 36,079   18,235   18,740   30,204   7,028,423   7,131,681  
Premium finance receivables—life insurance —   —   10,902   74,432   7,911,565   7,996,899  

Consumer and other 2   148   22   264   82,240   82,676  
Total loans, net of unearned income, excluding early buy-out loans $ 161,059   $ 18,628   $ 83,062   $ 204,043   $ 46,465,266   $ 46,932,058  
Early buy-out loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies (1)
—   43,358   150   —   91,881   135,389  
Total loans, net of unearned income $ 161,059   $ 61,986   $ 83,212   $ 204,043   $ 46,557,147   $ 47,067,447  

(1) Early buy-out loans are insured or guaranteed by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) or the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, subject to indemnifications and insurance limits for certain loans.

Credit Quality Indicators

Credit quality indicators, specifically the Company's internal risk rating systems, reflect how the Company monitors credit losses and represents factors used by the Company when measuring the allowance for credit losses. Descriptions of the Company’s credit quality indicators by financial asset are included in Note (5) “Allowance for Credit Losses” of the 2024 Form 10-K.

The table below shows the Company’s loan portfolio by credit quality indicator and year of origination at September 30, 2025:

Year of Origination Revolving Total
(In thousands) 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Prior Revolving to Term Loans
Loan Balances:
Commercial
Pass $ 2,829,487   $ 2,846,915   $ 1,744,488   $ 1,266,672   $ 831,328   $ 1,108,613   $ 5,310,722   $ 40,053   $ 15,978,278  
Special mention 11,668   41,624   46,403   18,943   31,703   38,400   128,153   360   317,254  
Substandard accrual 2,436   16,847   26,199   39,289   35,639   22,204   38,008   1,611   182,233  
Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful 951   4,454   7,778   36,977   10,359   3,906   900   1,252   66,577  
Total commercial, industrial and other $ 2,844,542   $ 2,909,840   $ 1,824,868   $ 1,361,881   $ 909,029   $ 1,173,123   $ 5,477,783   $ 43,276   $ 16,544,342  
Construction and development
Pass $ 207,055   $ 736,531   $ 619,287   $ 604,281   $ 73,736   $ 107,992   $ 15,039   $ 894   $ 2,364,815  
Special mention —   —   29,645   194,759   17,908   15,800   —   —   258,112  
Substandard accrual —   —   12,656   —   —   15,445   3,898   —   31,999  
Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful —   —   1,001   1,321   —   905   —   —   3,227  
Total construction and development $ 207,055   $ 736,531   $ 662,589   $ 800,361   $ 91,644   $ 140,142   $ 18,937   $ 894   $ 2,658,153  
Non-construction
Pass $ 1,436,193   $ 1,313,159   $ 1,314,216   $ 1,748,779   $ 1,290,468   $ 3,262,179   $ 225,790   $ 1,692   $ 10,592,476  
Special mention 2,080   1,189   63,480   17,694   29,072   35,492   1,414   —   150,421  
Substandard accrual —   18,799   1,256   68,472   51,608   52,211   836   —   193,182  
Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful —   —   1,605   305   —   23,065   —   —   24,975  
Total non-construction $ 1,438,273   $ 1,333,147   $ 1,380,557   $ 1,835,250   $ 1,371,148   $ 3,372,947   $ 228,040   $ 1,692   $ 10,961,054  
Home equity
Pass $ —   $ 236   $ 68   $ 353   $ 291   $ 13,067   $ 446,524   $ 8,237   $ 468,776  
Special mention —   42   —   402   —   2,303   6,187   —   8,934  
Substandard accrual —   —   15   19   98   2,979   2,086   —   5,197  
Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful —   —   —   88   132   1,075   —   —   1,295  
Total home equity $ —   $ 278   $ 83   $ 862   $ 521   $ 19,424   $ 454,797   $ 8,237   $ 484,202  
Residential real estate
Early buy-out loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies $ 192   $ 4,551   $ 7,545   $ 5,280   $ 6,229   $ 101,027   $ —   $ —   $ 124,824  
Pass 833,494   795,118   427,935   762,583   719,435   420,044   —   —   3,958,609  
Special mention —   2,027   5,793   4,745   1,808   6,822   —   —   21,195  

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Substandard accrual 60   136   913   3,799   1,833   3,559   —   —   10,300  
Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful —   1,214   5,463   7,772   6,475   8,018   —   —   28,942  
Total residential real estate $ 833,746   $ 803,046   $ 447,649   $ 784,179   $ 735,780   $ 539,470   $ —   $ —   $ 4,143,870  
Premium finance receivables - property and casualty
Pass $ 8,030,161   $ 180,763   $ 3,906   $ 1,113   $ 1,268   $ —   $ —   $ —   $ 8,217,211  
Special mention 102,653   4,466   9   —   —   —   —   —   107,128  
Substandard accrual 15,393   2,044   —   3   1   —   —   —   17,441  
Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful 13,542   10,941   25   3   1   —   —   —   24,512  
Total premium finance receivables - property and casualty $ 8,161,749   $ 198,214   $ 3,940   $ 1,119   $ 1,270   $ —   $ —   $ —   $ 8,366,292  
Premium finance receivables - life (1)

Pass $ 437,422   $ 720,916   $ 541,345   $ 711,083   $ 1,057,431   $ 5,290,356   $ —   $ —   $ 8,758,553  
Special mention —   —   —   —   —   —   —   —   —  
Substandard accrual —   —   —   —   —   —   —   —   —  
Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful —   —   —   —   —   —   —   —   —  
Total premium finance receivables - life $ 437,422   $ 720,916   $ 541,345   $ 711,083   $ 1,057,431   $ 5,290,356   $ —   $ —   $ 8,758,553  
Consumer and other
Pass $ 5,180   $ 2,524   $ 1,858   $ 330   $ 622   $ 63,148   $ 72,998   $ —   $ 146,660  
Special mention 25   38   32   81   —   109   12   —   297  
Substandard accrual —   2   —   —   —   14   5   —   21  
Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful —   2   —   —   —   36   —   —   38  
Total consumer and other $ 5,205   $ 2,566   $ 1,890   $ 411   $ 622   $ 63,307   $ 73,015   $ —   $ 147,016  
Total loans
Early buy-out loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies $ 192   $ 4,551   $ 7,545   $ 5,280   $ 6,229   $ 101,027   $ —   $ —   $ 124,824  
Pass 13,778,992   6,596,162   4,653,103   5,095,194   3,974,579   10,265,399   6,071,073   50,876   50,485,378  
Special mention 116,426   49,386   145,362   236,624   80,491   98,926   135,766   360   863,341  
Substandard accrual 17,889   37,828   41,039   111,582   89,179   96,412   44,833   1,611   440,373  
Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful 14,493   16,611   15,872   46,466   16,967   37,005   900   1,252   149,566  
Total loans $ 13,927,992   $ 6,704,538   $ 4,862,921   $ 5,495,146   $ 4,167,445   $ 10,598,769   $ 6,252,572   $ 54,099   $ 52,063,482  
Gross write offs
Three months ended September 30, 2025 $ 7,305   $ 494   $ 1,457   $ 4,748   $ 12,046   $ 2,796   $ —   $ —   $ 28,846  
Nine months ended September 30, 2025 $ 8,709   $ 15,297   $ 5,246   $ 8,129   $ 14,193   $ 13,216   $ —   $ —   $ 64,790  

(1) For premium finance receivables - life, the year of origination represents when the borrower’s master loan agreement was initially established.

Held-to-maturity debt securities

The Company conducts an assessment of its investment securities, including those classified as held-to-maturity, at the time of purchase and on at least an annual basis to ensure such investment securities remain within appropriate levels of risk and continue to perform satisfactorily in fulfilling its obligations. The Company considers, among other factors, the nature of the securities and credit ratings or financial condition of the issuer. If available, the Company obtains a credit rating for issuers from a Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization (“NRSRO”) for consideration. If no such rating is available for an issuer, the Company performs an internal rating based on the scale utilized within the loan portfolio. For purposes of the table below, the Company has converted any issuer rating from an NRSRO into the Company’s internal ratings based on Investment Policy and review by the Company’s management.

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As of September 30, 2025 Year of Origination Total
(In thousands) 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Prior Balance
Amortized Cost Balances:
U.S. government agencies
1-4 internal grade $ —   $ —   $ —   $ 135,000   $ 147,827   $ 30,713   $ 313,540  
5-7 internal grade —   —   —   —   —   —   —  
8-10 internal grade —   —   —   —   —   —   —  
Total U.S. government agencies $ —   $ —   $ —   $ 135,000   $ 147,827   $ 30,713   $ 313,540  
Municipal
1-4 internal grade $ —   $ —   $ 4,092   $ 1,028   $ 6,742   $ 141,784   $ 153,646  
5-7 internal grade —   —   —   —   —   2,124   2,124  
8-10 internal grade —   —   —   —   —   —   —  
Total municipal $ —   $ —   $ 4,092   $ 1,028   $ 6,742   $ 143,908   $ 155,770  
Mortgage-backed securities
1-4 internal grade $ —   $ —   $ 296,804   $ 496,580   $ 2,125,596   $ —   $ 2,918,980  
5-7 internal grade —   —   —   —   —   —   —  
8-10 internal grade —   —   —   —   —   —   —  
Total mortgage-backed securities $ —   $ —   $ 296,804   $ 496,580   $ 2,125,596   $ —   $ 2,918,980  
Corporate notes
1-4 internal grade $ —   $ —   $ —   $ 14,972   $ —   $ 35,539   $ 50,511  
5-7 internal grade —   —   —   —   —   —   —  
8-10 internal grade —   —   —   —   —   —   —  
Total corporate notes $ —   $ —   $ —   $ 14,972   $ —   $ 35,539   $ 50,511  
Total held-to-maturity securities $ 3,438,801  
Less: Allowance for credit losses ( 395 )
Held-to-maturity securities, net of allowance for credit losses $ 3,438,406  

Measurement of Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company's allowance for credit losses consists of the allowance for loan losses, the allowance for unfunded commitment losses and the allowance for held-to-maturity debt security losses. In accordance with ASC 326, the Company measures the allowance for credit losses at the time of origination or purchase of a financial asset, representing an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses on the related asset. When developing its estimate, the Company considers available information relevant to assessing the collectability of cash flows, from both internal and external sources. Historical credit loss experience is one input in the estimation process as well as inputs relevant to current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. In considering past events, the Company considers the relevance, or lack thereof, of historical information due to changes in such things as financial asset underwriting or collection practices, and changes in portfolio mix due to changing business plans and strategies. In considering current conditions and forecasts, the Company considers both the current economic environment and the forecasted direction of the economic environment with emphasis on those factors deemed relevant to or driving changes in expected credit losses. As significant judgment is required, the review of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses is performed quarterly by various committees with participation by the Company's executive management.

September 30, December 31, September 30,
(In thousands) 2025 2024 2024

Allowance for loan losses $ 386,622   $ 364,017   $ 360,279  
Allowance for unfunded lending-related commitments losses 67,569   72,586   75,435  
Allowance for loan losses and unfunded lending-related commitments losses 454,191   436,603   435,714  
Allowance for held-to-maturity securities losses 395   457   479  
Allowance for credit losses $ 454,586   $ 437,060   $ 436,193  

The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective or pooled basis when similar risk characteristics exist, based upon the segmentation discussed above. The Company utilizes modeling methodologies that estimate lifetime credit loss rates on each pool. These methodologies include estimating the probability of default and loss given default on the commercial and commercial real estate segments, using the weighted-average remaining maturity methodology for the residential real estate, home equity, and consumer segments, and utilizing an assumption-based approach focusing on historical loss rates for the premium finance receivables segments. Historical credit loss history is adjusted for reasonable and supportable forecasts developed by the Company on a quantitative or qualitative basis and incorporates third party economic forecasts. Reasonable
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and supportable forecasts consider the macroeconomic factors that are most relevant to evaluating and predicting expected credit losses in the Company's financial assets. Currently, the Company utilizes an eight quarter forecast period using a single macroeconomic scenario provided by a third party and reviewed within the Company's governance structure. For periods beyond the ability to develop reasonable and supportable forecasts, the Company reverts to historical loss rates at an input level, straight-line over a four quarter reversion period. Expected credit losses are measured over the contractual term of the financial asset with consideration of expected prepayments. Expected extensions, renewals or modifications of the financial asset are considered when the expected extension, renewal or modification is contained within the existing agreement and is not unconditionally cancelable. The methodologies discussed above are applied to both current asset balances on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Condition and off-balance sheet commitments (i.e. unfunded lending-related commitments).

Assets that do not share similar risk characteristics with a pool are assessed for the allowance for credit losses on an individual basis. These typically include assets experiencing financial difficulties, including assets rated as substandard nonaccrual and doubtful. If foreclosure is probable or the asset is considered collateral-dependent, expected credit losses are measured based upon the fair value of the underlying collateral adjusted for selling costs, if appropriate. Underlying collateral across the Company's segments consist primarily of real estate, land and construction assets as well as general business assets of the borrower. As of September 30, 2025, excluding loans carried at fair value, substandard nonaccrual loans totaling $ 66.4 million in carrying balance had no related allowance for credit losses.

The Company does not measure an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable balances because these balances are written off in a timely manner as a reduction to interest income when assets are placed on nonaccrual status.

Loan portfolios