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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
___________________________________________________________________
FORM 10-K
___________________________________________________________________
(Mark One)
☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended January 31 , 2026
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM                  TO                 
Commission File Number  001-38865
___________________________________________________________________
Zoom Communications, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its Charter)
___________________________________________________________________
Delaware 61-1648780
(State or other jurisdiction
of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)

55 Almaden Boulevard , 6 th Floor
San Jose , California 95113
(Address of principal executive offices and Zip Code)
(888) 799-9666
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
___________________________________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share ZM The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.     Yes  ☒     No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.     Yes ☐      No  ☒ 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.     Yes   ☒    No ☐ 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).       Yes   ☒    No   ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act . ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).      Yes  ☐    No   ☒

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The aggregate market value of the registrant's Class A common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the closing price of a share of the registrant's Class A common stock on July 31, 2025 as reported by the Nasdaq Global Select Market on such date was approximately $ 19.8  billion. This calculation does not reflect a determination that certain persons are affiliates of the registrant for any other purpose.
As of February 13, 2026, the number of shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock outstanding was 265,969,816 and the number of shares of the registrant’s Class B common stock outstanding was 28,697,070 .

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant's definitive Proxy Statement relating to the 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated herein by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. Such Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant's fiscal year ended January 31, 2026.

Auditor Name: KPMG LLP Auditor Location: San Francisco, California Auditor Firm ID: 185

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I Page
Item 1. Business
6

Item 1A. Risk Factors
14

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
50

Item 1C.
Cybersecurity
50

Item 2. Properties
51

Item 3. Legal Proceedings
51

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
51

Part II
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
51

Item 6. [Reserved]
52

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
53

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
65

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
66

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
101

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
101

Item 9B. Other Information
102

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions That Prevent Inspections
102

Part III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
102

Item 11. Executive Compensation
103

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
103

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
103

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
103

Part IV
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
103

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
105

Signatures
106

Unless the context suggests otherwise, references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to “Zoom,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Zoom Communications, Inc. and, where appropriate, its subsidiaries.

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including statements regarding our future results of operations or financial condition; business strategy and plans; and objectives of management for future operations, including our statements regarding the benefits and timing of the rollout of new technology, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “target,” “will,” or “would” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions. Forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include, but are not limited to, statements about: our future financial performance, including our revenue, cost of revenue, gross profit, margins, and operating expenses; trends in our key business metrics; the sufficiency of our cash and cash equivalents, investments, and cash provided by sales of our products and services to meet our liquidity needs; market trends; our market position and opportunity; our growth strategy and business aspirations for our communications and collaboration platform and evolving AI capabilities; our product strategy; our efforts to enhance the security and privacy of our platform; our ability to operate our business and effectively manage our scale under evolving macroeconomic conditions, such as geopolitical conflicts, tariffs and trade tensions, inflationary pressures, interest rate fluctuations, and foreign currency exchange rate volatility; our ability to become the ubiquitous platform for communications and collaboration; our ability to attract new customers and retain existing customers; our ability to successfully expand into our existing markets and into new markets; our ability to effectively manage our growth and future expenses; and the impact of recent accounting pronouncements on our consolidated financial statements.
You should not rely on forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We have based the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K primarily on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, and operating results. The outcome of the events described in these forward-looking statements is subject to risks, uncertainties, and other factors described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results, events, and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur, and actual results, events, or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements.
In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based on information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. While we believe that such information provides a reasonable basis for these statements, that information may be limited or incomplete. Our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain, and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely on these statements.
The forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions, or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures, or investments.
You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents that we reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance, and events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect.

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SUMMARY RISK FACTORS
Investing in our Class A common stock involves numerous risks, including the risks described in “Part I—Item 1A. Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Below are some of these risks, any one of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
• Our business depends on our ability to attract new customers, retain and upsell additional products and new product categories to existing customers, and upgrade free users to our paid offerings. Any decline in new customers, renewals, or upgrades would harm our business.
• Our revenue growth rate has fluctuated in prior periods, and may decline in future periods.
• Interruptions, delays, or outages in service from our co-located data centers or cloud hosting services and a variety of other factors, would impair, and in the past have impaired, the delivery of our services, require us to issue credits or pay penalties, and harm our business.
• We operate in competitive markets, and we must continue to compete effectively. Many of our actual and potential competitors benefit from competitive advantages over us, such as greater name recognition; longer operating histories; more varied products and services; larger marketing budgets; more established marketing, customer and partner relationships; more third-party integrations; greater accessibility across devices and applications; greater access to larger user bases; major distribution agreements with hardware manufacturers and resellers; and greater financial, technical, and other resources. In addition, as we introduce new products and services to our platform, and with the introduction of new technologies and market entrants, we expect competition to intensify in the future.
• Our business may be significantly affected by changes in the economy, including any resulting effect on consumer or business spending.
• As we increase sales to large organizations, our sales cycles have and could continue to lengthen, and we could experience greater deployment challenges.
• We generate revenue from sales of subscriptions to our platform, and any decline in demand for our platform or for communications and collaboration technologies in general would harm our business.
• We have incurred net losses in the past and there are no assurances we will be able to maintain or increase profitability in the future.
• We may not be able to respond to rapid technological changes, extend our platform or develop new features.
• Our security measures, and those of the third parties with whom we work, have been compromised in the past and may be compromised in the future. If our security measures are compromised in the future or if our information technology fails, this could harm our reputation, expose us to significant fines and liability, impair our sales, and harm our business. In addition, our products and services may be perceived as not being secure. This perception may result in customers and users curtailing or ceasing their use of our products, us incurring significant liabilities, and our business being harmed.
• We have a limited operating history at the current scale of our business, which makes it difficult to evaluate our prospects and future results of operations.
• The actual or perceived failure by us, our customers, partners, or vendors to comply with stringent and evolving laws and regulations, industry standards, policies, and contractual obligations relating to privacy, data protection, information security laws, and other matters could harm, and has in the past harmed, our reputation and business or subject us to significant fines and liability.
• If we were to lose the services of our Chief Executive Officer or other members of our senior management team, we may not be able to execute our business strategy.
• We have significant and expanding operations outside the United States, which may subject us to increased business, regulatory, and economic risks that could harm our business.
• We may be subject to, or respond to requests from law enforcement in connection with enforcement of, a variety of U.S. and international laws that could result in claims, increase the cost of operations, or otherwise harm our business due to changes in the laws, changes in the interpretations of the laws, greater enforcement of the laws, or investigations into compliance with the laws.
• A number of our products, including Zoom Phone, are subject to U.S. federal and international regulation, and other products we may introduce in the future may also be subject to U.S. federal, state, or international laws, rules, and
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regulations. Failure to comply with such laws, rules, and regulations could harm our business and expose us to liability.
• We use generative artificial intelligence (“AI”) in our products and services, which may result in operational challenges, legal liability, reputational concerns, competitive risks and regulatory concerns that could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
• The dual class structure of our common stock, as contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, has the effect of concentrating voting control with those stockholders who held our stock prior to our initial public offering, including our executive officers, employees, and directors and their affiliates, limiting your ability to influence corporate matters.
If we are unable to adequately address these and other risks we face, our business may be harmed.
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PART I

Item 1. BUSINESS
Overview
Zoom is redefining modern work as a system of action, turning live collaboration into completed results. From entrepreneurs to global enterprises, customers choose Zoom to seamlessly collaborate, communicate, and drive outcomes across meetings, chat, phone, contact center, events, and more — all with the built-in assistance of Zoom AI Companion. Our mission to deliver happiness, grounded in our core value of care, is fundamental to everything we do at Zoom.
Our platform bridges work both inside and outside the organization by integrating AI capabilities across employee collaboration and customer-facing workflows, enabling seamless communication, collaboration, and engagement through Zoom Workplace and Zoom Business Services. Zoom Workplace with AI Companion brings together Zoom’s core communication and productivity tools—including Zoom Meetings, Zoom Phone, Zoom Team Chat, Zoom Docs, and Zoom Whiteboard—to support collaboration across organizations of varying sizes. Zoom’s Business Services for sales, marketing, and customer experience teams, including Zoom Contact Center, Zoom Revenue Accelerator, and Zoom Events, support customer engagement across the the customer lifecycle. Trust is a cornerstone of the Zoom platform. We equip users with a comprehensive set of tools to make their interactions safe, secure, and private. We believe that strong security should never compromise a great user experience.
Businesses of all sizes and individuals alike choose Zoom over other industry players for several reasons:
• We care for customers at Zoom speed: Zoom puts customers first and is committed to providing a platform and products that people love. Zoom listens to its customers and puts innovation in customers' hands quickly to serve their needs.
• AI-first: Zoom’s mission is to deliver an AI-first work platform for human connection. This AI-first approach to Zoom Workplace and Zoom Business Services is designed to empower individuals and teams to free up time and focus on what matters most: engaging, connecting, and delivering creative and insightful work, all within a single unified platform.
• Enterprise readiness: Zoom is built to meet the needs of enterprises, with robust reliability, security, compliance, and privacy capabilities and policies.
• Designed for flexible work: Zoom is a platform designed for flexible communication and today’s flexible work needs.
• Zoom just works: Ease of use is a core design principle, along with quality and reliability.
• Cost-effective and value-focused: The total cost of ownership of the Zoom platform, encompassing both employee and customer experiences, is less than that of our competitors.
• Open platform that enables customer choice: The Zoom developer ecosystem enables customers to choose the apps and integrations they prefer. Zoom offers more than 3,100 apps on the Zoom App Marketplace and integrations with key software vendors, such as Microsoft and Google.
We’re on a mission to reimagine the way the world communicates and collaborates. Zoom brings employee and customer experiences together into a single, AI-first, open platform that people love to use. Flagship products like Zoom Meetings, Zoom Phone, Zoom Team Chat, and Zoom AI Companion, are among the core products on the platform that are critical to business communication and collaboration needs. We strive to continue building a platform that helps people work smarter, be more engaged with work, and better connect with each other. AI has been core to Zoom’s product DNA for many years, grounded in our conviction that AI can make work more human by strengthening collaboration, productivity, and inclusivity.
In fiscal year 2026, Zoom continued to invest in AI, focusing on three key areas: supporting individual productivity, powering better collaboration, and helping customer-facing teams deliver meaningful business value to delight their customers. In September 2023, we launched Zoom AI Companion, our smart assistant that is designed to empower workers to increase productivity, improve team effectiveness, and enhance skills. Additionally, we introduced our federated approach to AI, which enables the use of multiple large language models (“LLMs”), including Zoom’s own, to complete each task for users. Zoom’s federated approach allows its tech stack to dynamically select from multiple AI models, including those from OpenAI, Anthropic, and NVIDIA, making AI accessible and affordable so that more people can incorporate it in their day-to-day workflows. With these advancements in AI Companion and our broader AI strategy, we believe we’re well-positioned as AI technology continues to evolve. We are evolving agentic AI capabilities within AI Companion that will continue to deliver practical value to customers while building on our ambitious vision of AI that truly amplifies human potential for our
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customers. In line with our commitment to responsible AI, Zoom does not use customer audio, video, chat, screen sharing, attachments, or other communications (such as poll results, whiteboard, and reactions) to train Zoom’s or third-party AI models.
Zoom continues to be at the center of flexible work. Our continued product innovation is laser-focused on supporting a flexible work environment, with new innovations in areas such as document collaboration, hybrid workspaces, and employee communication. Additionally, our employee experience platform, Workvivo, deepens our commitment to creating a platform that is focused on connecting and engaging employees.
Unlike most Contact Center as a Service (“CCaaS”) solutions that are only optimized for voice, Zoom Contact Center is an omnichannel cloud contact center platform that is optimized for video and intentionally supports a robust suite of channels, such as voice and video, SMS, and webchat. The result is a one-stop shop designed for customer experience leaders to deliver excellence to their customers and to strengthen workforce engagement.
The happiness we deliver is recognized by our customers. Zoom has consistently earned high scores across customer review sites, Gartner Peer Insights, TrustRadius, and G2, including being recognized as a Customers’ Choice in the Gartner Peer Insights “Voice of the Customer” for Unified Communications as a Service (“UCaaS”) and Visual Collaboration Applications for three consecutive years, and a Leader badge for Zoom Contact Center by G2. Industry analysts also recognize our market leadership across our platform and products: Gartner has named Zoom a leader in the Magic Quadrant for UCaaS for the sixth year in a row, and Workvivo was named a leader in the Magic Quadrant for Intranet Packaged Solutions. In addition, Zoom Contact Center was recognized in the 2025 Gartner Magic Quadrant for Contact Center as a Service, representing a key milestone in the growth of our customer experience offerings. Forrester published its Forrester Wave for Conversational Intelligence, where Zoom Revenue Accelerator debuted as a “Strong” player. IDC named Zoom Events as a leader in its IDC MarketScape for Worldwide Virtual Events Applications. Zoom Workplace was included in Fast Company’s 2025 Most Innovative Companies list, named a recipient of 2026 Fortune Most Admired Companies, awarded a Newsweek AI Impact award for Zoom AI Companion, a Tech Ascension award for AI-powered Enterprise Solution of the Year, as well as Most Innovative Product (for AI Companion), Best Unified Communications Platform (for Zoom Workplace), Best UCaaS Provider AMERICAS, and Best Contact Center Solution from UC Today’s 2025 awards.
Our Growth Strategy
We focus on the following elements of our strategy to drive our growth, centered on elevating the workplace with AI, driving growth of new AI products, and scaling an AI-first customer experience:
• Keep our existing customers happy. We deliver happiness to our customers by providing them with an AI-first collaboration experience that drives meaningful business value with a growing set of AI features that are deeply woven across the platform and include meeting summaries, task suggestions, knowledge retrieval, insights, and more. We respond to customer needs with action to drive positive user experiences. We believe these practices result in our high scores across customer review sites and will continue to generate referrals from our existing customers, providing meaningful viral adoption for the foreseeable future.
• Drive new customer acquisition. Our platform is designed to make collaboration seamless and easy, and allow our users to accomplish more through leveraging our AI features for automated insights, meeting support, and more. By attracting free users to our platform, we promote usage that allows them and their meeting attendees to experience the Zoom difference. We complement this lead-generation model with our multipronged go-to-market strategy that integrates the viral enthusiasm for our platform with optimal routes to market, including direct sales representatives, online channels, resellers, and strategic partners. This approach is designed to allow us to cost-effectively drive upgrades to our paid offering and expansion within organizations of all sizes and verticals.
• Drive continuous innovation across our platform. Our engineers aim to stay on the cutting edge of communication, collaboration, and AI technologies that enhance productivity and streamline workflows. We strive to deliver the best experience to our users by dedicating a portion of our engineering capacity to developing on-demand, customer-requested features that would be valuable across our customer base. We are focused on bolstering innovation across the following product categories with high-quality AI as the connective tissue: employee experience, customer experience, core communications, and departmental and industry-specific solutions.
• Drive international expansion. With users, offices, and data centers strategically located around the world, we are poised to reach new customers globally. AI features, such as translated captions, support collaboration across languages and regions. Our platform is intuitively designed such that localization requirements are minimal. For example, our platform works without intensive translation requirements with only a few language adjustments to our user interface and support systems. Zoom continues to make meetings more effective and
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inclusive with the introduction of AI-powered language captions and translations. Within a Zoom Meeting, translated captions will translate the source language into English captions or translate from English to the language selected by the meeting participant. Translated captions support more than 35 languages. This facilitates seamless collaboration and helps to improve attendee engagement, including after the meeting, through AI Companion summaries.
• Pursue Strategic Acquisitions. We selectively pursue acquisitions in high-growth markets where we can credibly establish leadership, targeting opportunities aligned with our long-term strategic objectives that offer differentiated synergies and demonstrated product-market fit. We prioritize targets with durable revenue growth, a clear path to profitability, and strong cultural alignment, supported by well-defined integration plans designed to accelerate sustainable value creation.
• Expand within existing customers. As organizations experience our platform and become familiar with its benefits, more teams and departments within these organizations adopt Zoom. Our AI tools are woven across the platform, and are able to drive more insights and support more workflows as users broaden usage across our platform. Lines of business are often first to adopt our platform and provide an opportunity for further expansion across departments. This “land and expand” model has led to some of our largest deployments. Customers are also purchasing services for events, webinars, room solutions, phone, contact center, and employee experience, creating a complete and integrated set of communications services.
• Grow our developer ecosystem. Through the Zoom Developer ecosystem, we enable customers and their developers to build their own solutions with our underlying platform technology, seamlessly embed our platform into their own offerings, and integrate their applications across Zoom products using our extensive library of application program interfaces (“APIs”) and selection of software development kits (“SDKs”). Developers can leverage AI tools to enhance their integrations and provide intelligent experiences. The Zoom App Marketplace further extends the value and adoption of Zoom with our customers through the development and distribution of apps and integrations. We continue to partner with video conferencing hardware and peripheral providers, as well as with software providers such as Palo Alto Networks, Zendesk, and Box.
Our Platform
Zoom is redefining modern work as a system of action, and our AI-first platform is central to this evolution, turning live collaboration into completed results. Our platform enables customers to seamlessly collaborate, communicate, and bridge work both inside and outside the organization, using AI to help drive productivity, engagement, and business results. The products in our work platform are grouped under the following categories, which are further described below:
• AI - Zoom AI Companion drives impact with intelligence
• Zoom Workplace - Enables seamless collaboration and productivity on a unified platform
• Zoom Business Services - Strengthens customer relationships and delivers superior service
• Employee Experience - Makes teamwork more meaningful and engaging
• Developer Ecosystem - Creates custom integrations and streamlines workflows

AI
Zoom AI Companion
Zoom AI Companion, launched in September 2023, is Zoom’s integrated, agentic AI solution, designed to enhance productivity by driving systems of action across the Zoom platform that help customers and employees get real work done. Zoom AI Companion is built on a federated AI approach that incorporates Zoom’s own SLMs and LLMs with third-party models to deliver high-quality results while helping lower customer costs. Zoom AI Companion is included at no additional cost for users with eligible paid Zoom services and is also available as a standalone offering.
Zoom AI Companion works across Zoom Meetings, Zoom Team Chat, Zoom Phone, Zoom Mail and Calendar, Zoom Tasks, Zoom Contact Center and other products. Core functionalities include:
• Zoom Meetings: Automatic generation of post-meeting summaries and transcripts, action item extraction, in-meeting query assistance, and contextual catch-up for participants who join late, helping improve meeting productivity and follow-up execution.
• Zoom Team Chat: Summarization of long chat threads, contextual message drafting and refinement, and identification of relevant action items to streamline communication workflows.
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• Zoom Phone: AI-assisted voicemail transcription and prioritization, automated call summaries, real-time call guidance, and conversion of voicemails into tasks to support internal and customer-facing voice communications.
• Zoom Contact Center: AI-powered assistance for support agents, including engagement summaries, sentiment analysis, and intelligent routing, helping connect customers with appropriate agents or subject-matter experts and improving resolution times and customer experience.
• Workvivo: AI-powered content creation, summarization, and conversational assistance embedded within Workvivo enhance employee communications, knowledge sharing, and engagement. Powered by Zoom AI Companion, these capabilities support internal alignment, streamline content development, and improve the overall digital employee experience.
Beyond these core functions, Zoom Custom AI Companion, enabled through Zoom AI Studio, allows organizations to securely connect AI Companion to their internal data sources and selected third-party applications. This enables AI outputs that better reflect an organization’s terminology, workflows, and business context. Zoom AI Companion continues to evolve to help teams accelerate work outcomes and adapt to the changing needs of the modern workplace.

Zoom Workplace
Zoom Meetings
Zoom Meetings provides HD video, voice, chat, and content sharing across mobile devices, desktops, laptops, telephones, and conference room systems. Our architecture can support up to 1,000 video participants in a single meeting. Conversations can be one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many. Zoom Meetings features a 49-person video gallery view, virtual backgrounds, MP4/M4A cloud/local recording with transcripts, video breakout rooms, screen sharing with annotation, and integrations with other powerful business applications to help teams get more done together. Zoom Meetings integrates with tools created by companies such as Atlassian, Box, Dropbox, Google, LinkedIn, Microsoft, Salesforce, ServiceNow, and Slack. Our meetings are a flexible tool for on-the-go employees who rely on their mobile devices or tablets throughout their business day.
We offer end-to-end encryption (“E2EE”) for meetings with up to 1000 participants. Zoom’s E2EE uses the same 256-bit AES GCM encryption that secures Zoom Meetings by default, but with Zoom’s E2EE, the meeting host generates encryption keys and uses public key cryptography to distribute these keys to the other meeting participants. Additionally, a customer-managed key (“CMK”) service allows organizations to provide and manage their own encryption keys for certain customer content stored at rest in the Zoom Cloud. The organization needs to manage the keys in the Amazon Web Services Key Management Service. This allows for encryption of applicable content stored in the Zoom Cloud using keys controlled by the organization. We believe Zoom was also the first UCaaS company to offer post-quantum E2EE solution for video conferencing. Post-quantum E2EE works across Zoom Workplace, and employs upgraded algorithms designed to withstand potential future threats from quantum computers.
Translated captions help to remove language barriers, connect people, and promote inclusivity in meetings and webinars. Zoom Meetings currently offers translated captions in 35 languages.
Zoom Phone
Zoom Phone is a cloud phone system for businesses that provides private branch exchange (“PBX”) features, such as secure call routing, call queuing, call detail reports, call recording, call quality monitoring, voicemail, switch to video, and much more. Zoom Phone provides inbound and outbound calling via its support for native connectivity to the public switched telephone network (“PSTN”). Available stand-alone or as an optional add-on to Zoom Meetings, Zoom Phone is a core component of our modern UCaaS strategy that enables customers to replace their existing PBX solution and consolidate all of their business communications and collaboration requirements onto Zoom. As of January 31, 2026, Zoom Phone provided native PSTN connectivity in more than 45 countries and territories.
Zoom Phone also supports Premises Peering and Cloud Peering, which provide customers with the flexibility to keep their current PSTN service providers by redirecting existing third-party voice circuits to the Zoom Phone Cloud. Hybrid connectivity is also supported, allowing customers to mix native Zoom Phone calling plans and third-party voice circuits. This unique capability enables customers to enjoy all the benefits and features of Zoom Phone while keeping their existing service provider contracts, phone numbers, and calling rates with their preferred carrier of record.
Zoom Phone Provider Exchange makes it easier for customers to choose their preferred PSTN provider partners, providing an improved way to connect with cloud peering partners, promote the discovery of new providers, and enable self-
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service of phone numbers from selected partners. As of January 31, 2026, more than 90 countries and territories are included in the Provider Exchange program.
Zoom Team Chat
Zoom Team Chat, included in Zoom Workplace and Zoom Phone plans, enables organizations and teams to communicate and collaborate in groups, channels, or one-on-one conversations and to stay connected by instantly sharing messages, images, files, and other content across desktops, laptops, tablets, and mobile devices. With Zoom Team Chat, users can easily invite people outside their organization to a chat conversation and quickly switch from a chat to a phone call or video meeting during a conversation. Zoom Team Chat also features content storage for users who want discoverability and the ability to review their conversations or shared files. There are dozens of Zoom Team Chat-compatible applications available in the Zoom App Marketplace that provide notifications and improved workflow for other enterprise systems.

Zoom Docs
Zoom Docs is a dedicated, modular workspace for efficient, dynamic hybrid collaboration. With Zoom Docs, users get a singular workspace designed to bring their teams together to share ideas and get more done, all powered by AI Companion. It helps tie together our collection of communication modalities, with online word processing now threaded throughout the Zoom platform.
Zoom Whiteboard
Zoom Whiteboard is an interactive canvas that enables teams to collaborate and brainstorm using templates, drag-and-drop shapes and objects, text, diagramming tools, and integrations with third-party services. Zoom Whiteboard is a persistent collaboration tool that works across Zoom Meetings, Zoom Team Chat, Zoom Rooms for Touch, Zoom Workplace desktop and mobile apps, and web browsers. Whiteboards can be shared with internal and external participants.
Zoom Clips
Zoom Clips is a convenient solution for capturing both video and screen content. Zoom Clips enables users to effortlessly and quickly record, edit, share, store, and analyze short video “clips,” as well as comment/react to other users’ clips, to keep the collaboration going. Clips are particularly valuable when demonstrating or showcasing product features or functionalities. Zoom Clips is included with Zoom Workspace paid plans.
Zoom Rooms
Zoom Rooms is our software-based conference room system that transforms every room – from executive offices, huddle rooms, and training rooms, to broadcast studios – into a collaboration space that is easy to use, simple to deploy, and low-effort to manage. Designed to enhance workforce collaboration across in-room and virtual participants, Zoom Rooms offers one-click-to-join meetings, wireless multi-sharing, interactive whiteboarding, intuitive room controls, scheduling enhancements, digital signage, and other features seamlessly integrated with the Zoom Meetings experience and hybrid work experience.
Workspace Reservation
Zoom Workspace Reservation is a service that enables the management of physical spaces, providing tools for customers to reserve and manage their workspace utilization by connecting users to workspaces. It enhances and streamlines hotdesking and hoteling experiences and can provide recommendations for a workspace location or time to reserve. Users can reserve a work location time and duration in advance or on demand by selecting a location on a floor plan. Administrators can learn more about the utilization of their workspaces to support the planning and optimization of their locations.
Zoom Business Services
Zoom Contact Center
Zoom Contact Center is an omnichannel solution that helps empower and upskill agents, improve operational effectiveness, and strengthen customer relationships. Built on Zoom’s reliable and secure platform, Zoom Contact Center enriches customer engagement by delivering highly personalized and seamless customer journeys across all channels. The capabilities of Zoom Contact Center are further enhanced when integrated with Zoom Virtual Agent, our AI-powered, multimodal self-service solution that supports both chat and voice interactions, enabling intelligent, conversational engagement across digital and telephony channels, and Zoom's Workforce Engagement Management suite, including Workforce Management and Quality Management for Contact Center customers. With advanced conversational AI, natural language understanding, and seamless handoff to live agents, Zoom Virtual Agent helps organizations automate routine inquiries while
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delivering human-like voice and messaging experiences at scale. Together, these solutions form an all-in-one, comprehensive contact center solution designed to elevate every aspect of the customer experience.
Zoom Revenue Accelerator
Zoom Revenue Accelerator is a conversation intelligence software solution for Zoom Meetings and Zoom Phone, providing sales teams with meaningful and actionable insights from their customer interactions to improve seller performance and enhance customer experiences by reconciling call analytics with CRM data.
Zoom Event s
Built on Zoom’s reliable and secure video technology, Zoom Events allows event hosts to seamlessly create and manage virtual and hybrid events of any size. Zoom Events offers features such as event hubs, dedicated corporate event spaces, customizable registration and ticketing, attendee networking, expo floor, and event analytics. This comprehensive solution is designed to simplify how users manage, host, market, and report on all of their virtual and hybrid events.
Zoom Webinars Plus
Zoom Webinars Plus allows customers to use the signature features of Zoom Events for a single-session event, including branded registration and event pages, live polling, surveys and chat, advanced reporting, and the ability to organize upcoming and past events in one place.
Zoom Webinars
Zoom Webinars support interactive video presentations to large audiences from almost anywhere in the world and from many devices. Zoom Webinars can scale up to 1 million attendees (with the expanded single-use license) and last up to 30 hours with 1,000 interactive video panelists. With webinars, customers have control over the video viewing experience, and attendees join to listen, learn, and interact using chat, Q&A, live polling, and more. Our powerful third-party integrations help users maximize the use of their webinars and expand their capabilities with features such as paid registration, marketing automation, lead nurturing, and learning management.
Employee Experience
Workvivo
Workvivo is an all-in-one employee experience platform ("EXP") designed to simplify internal communication, drive engagement, and foster a strong company culture. Workvivo combines internal tools for communication, employee recognition, and an intranet, into a single platform. Workvivo provides a new way for customers to keep their employees informed, engaged, and connected. Workvivo consists of a monthly subscription and optional add-on features for an additional fee.
Developer Ecosystem
Zoom Developer Platform and App Marketplace
The Zoom Developer Platform enables developers, platform integrators, service providers, and customers to easily build apps and integrations that use Zoom’s video-based communications solutions across video, phone, and chat, or integrate Zoom’s core technology into their products and services, with opportunities for co-marketing, discovery, and distribution. Our developer platform also allows Zoom customers to administer their accounts, including managing app requests and provisioning, as well as optimizing account usage with access to dashboards and usage metrics. With our SDKs, APIs, webhooks, and extensive developer resources, Zoom, third-party developers, and partners can build and publish applications on our App Marketplace that integrate our platform with other globally in-demand applications, platforms, websites, and services. Our customers also have access to tools and resources that enable them to develop private applications that integrate Zoom Workplace and Zoom technology into their workflows and systems.
Zoom Apps
Zoom Apps combine users’ favorite apps with the power of video communications, allowing users to access them directly within Zoom Meetings. Users can enrich their Zoom experience with a variety of apps that cater to various use cases, including whiteboarding, project management, note-taking, gaming, and more. Zoom Essential Apps, launched in January 2023, provides access to a curated list of apps at no cost for one year after app activation for Zoom Workplace Pro, Business, and Business Plus users to enhance their Zoom experience, such as through visual agendas, automated tools to keep meetings on track, and interactive activities to add energy and fun to meetings.
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Our Technology and Infrastructure
Our unique technology and infrastructure enable best-in-class reliability, scalability, and performance. We designed our open, AI-first collaboration platform to help streamline the workday through effective communication and collaboration tools. Our federated AI approach leverages the best of both our proprietary AI and industry-leading models from partners like OpenAI and Anthropic. The right AI model is applied to each specific task to optimize performance and efficiency.
Video communication presents its own unique set of challenges, requiring significant computing resources for encoding, decoding, multiplexing, and synchronization, along with high network bandwidth and performance. To address this, our platform separates video content processing from the transporting and mixing of streams. We allocate video content processing to intelligent agents that reside on client devices and dynamically encode and decode based on the performance of client technology, network performance, and bandwidth. Our next-generation multimedia router operates globally distributed cloud infrastructure to determine the optimal data centers to host a meeting and an optimal set of paths to connect the participants.
Our Customers
We have customers of all sizes, from individuals to global Fortune 50 organizations. Our current customer base spans countries across the world and numerous industry categories, including education, entertainment/media, enterprise infrastructure, finance, government, health care, manufacturing, nonprofit/not-for-profit and social impact, retail/consumer products, and software/internet. No individual customer represented more than 10% of our total revenue in the fiscal year ended January 31, 2026.
Sales
Our sales model combines our online demand generation with a direct sales approach optimized for the size of each customer opportunity. Our sales force includes our field sales representatives as well as our product specialist teams, and it is organized by customer subscription size, region, and vertical. Our channel team works across a broad channel ecosystem, from resellers to global system integrators and service providers, as well as independent software vendors (ISVs), to build a strong ecosystem that broadens our reach. Our online channel supports high-volume, high-velocity, self-service sales.
Marketing
Our marketing organization is focused on driving brand awareness, supporting customer acquisition and retention, and promoting adoption of our product portfolio. We invest in brand positioning, demand generation, and customer engagement initiatives across digital, social, content, and event-based channels.
Our marketing programs include targeted online advertising, out-of-home media placements, virtual and in-person events, content marketing, and customer advisory programs. We utilize a mix of online, in-person, and hybrid event formats to engage prospects and customers. Zoomtopia, our annual user conference, is delivered in a hybrid format and is attended by tens of thousands of in-person and virtual participants.
Research and Development
Zoom’s research and development efforts are focused on driving innovation in communication technology. With teams distributed across major regions, including Asia‑Pacific, EMEA, and North America, our global presence supports a “follow‑the‑sun” development model that enables continuous innovation and efficient delivery of new capabilities. We prioritize advancements in Zoom AI Companion, Zoom Workplace, Zoom Business Services, security, video and audio quality, and seamless integrations, while continually enhancing performance across devices and networks and exploring emerging technologies to shape the future of the remote and hybrid workplace. For information on the risks associated with our international operations, see “Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry” under “Item 1A - Risk Factors.”
Our Competition
The markets in which we operate are highly competitive. We face competition from legacy web-based meeting services providers, including Cisco Webex and GoTo, bundled productivity suite providers with communications offerings, including Microsoft 365 (with Teams) and Google Workspace (with Meet), and UCaaS and legacy web-based meeting providers, including Avaya, RingCentral, 8x8, and in our Contact Center offerings, Five9, Inc., Genesys, and NICE inContact, as well as consumer-facing platforms that can support small- or medium-sized businesses, including Amazon, Apple, and Facebook.
We believe we compete favorably based on the following competitive factors:
• open, AI-first work platform;
• cloud-native architecture;
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• functionality and scalability;
• ease of use and reliability;
• brand awareness and preference;
• ability to utilize existing infrastructure, such as legacy conference room hardware; and
• low total cost of ownership.
Intellectual Property
We rely on a combination of patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and contractual protections to establish and protect our intellectual property rights. We actively seek patent protection covering inventions originating from our company. We also pursue the registration and enforcement of trademarks and domain names in the United States and in various jurisdictions outside the United States.
We control access to and use of our proprietary technology and other confidential information through internal and external controls, including contractual protections with employees, contractors, customers, and partners. Our software is protected by U.S. and international intellectual property laws. Our policy requires employees and independent contractors to sign agreements (1) assigning to us any inventions, trade secrets, works of authorship, and other intellectual property generated by them in the course of their employment, and (2) agreeing to protect our confidential information.
In certain circumstances, we license intellectual property from third parties for use in our products. This may include open source software. We take steps to ensure compliance with the terms of the licenses governing such licensed technology. We believe our business is not materially dependent on any individual patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret, or other intellectual property right, whether our own or licensed from third parties. For information on the risks associated with our intellectual property, see “Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property” under “Item 1A - Risk Factors.”
Government Regulation
Our business activities are subject to various federal, state, local, and foreign laws, rules, and regulations. Compliance with these laws, rules, and regulations has not had, and is not expected to have, a material effect on our capital expenditures, results of operations, and competitive position as compared to prior periods. Nevertheless, compliance with existing or future governmental regulations, including, but not limited to, those pertaining to global trade, business acquisitions, consumer and data protection, and taxes, could have a material impact on our business in subsequent periods. For more information on the potential impacts of government regulations affecting our business, see “Risks Related to Laws and Regulations” under “Item 1A - Risk Factors.”
Human Capital
As of January 31, 2026, we had 7,438 full-time employees. Of these employees, 3,457 are in the United States and 3,981 are in our international locations. None of our U.S. employees are represented by a labor union. Employees in two of our non-U.S. subsidiaries have the benefit of a collective bargaining agreement and are represented by a workers’ council. We have not experienced interruptions of operations or any work stoppages due to labor disagreements.
Our Culture of Care
Our culture is built on care, belonging, and performance. We are committed to creating an environment where every employee feels valued, supported, and empowered to do their best work. Through our technology and our culture, we aim to strengthen human connection and enable people and businesses to thrive.
Our customers are at the heart of everything we do, and our culture of care extends to how we support one another, our communities, and ourselves. This shared sense of belonging and accountability fuels our performance and drives innovation across the company.
Our culture is grounded in our mission, values, and nine culture principles that help us succeed:

• Mission: An AI-first work platform for human connection
• Values: We care for our customers, company, communities, teammates, and selves
• Culture Principles : Ways of working and collaborating that help every Zoomie thrive
This culture of care, belonging, and performance is a key part of what makes Zoom a great place to work and a trusted partner to our customers. It continues to be a differentiator in attracting and retaining top talent. Zoom has been recognized on
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Fortune’s “Most Admired Companies” list for five consecutive years, included in Fast Company’s 2025 “Most Innovative Companies” list, and named one of Forbes’ 2025 “America’s Best Midsize Employers.”
Compensation and Benefits
We offer fair, competitive compensation and benefits that support our employees’ overall well-being. Our employees’ total compensation packages include base pay, bonuses or sales commissions, and equity. We offer a wide array of benefits, including comprehensive healthcare benefits, mental health benefits, fertility benefits, time off programs, a book reimbursement plan to support continuous learning, an Employee Stock Purchase Plan and charitable gift matching through our Zoom Cares program.
Over the past several years, we conducted a comprehensive employee survey with regular follow-ups and engaged in peer research to make thoughtful decisions on how to move forward in an evolving world of work. Two priorities were immediately clear: keeping our employees safe and supporting them through a meaningful employee experience. We believe maintaining a flexible working environment for our employees is a key priority.
Corporate Information
We were incorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware in April 2011 under the name Saasbee, Inc., and in February 2012, we changed our name to Zoom Communications, Inc. In May 2012, we changed our name to Zoom Video Communications, Inc. In November 2024, we changed our name back to Zoom Communications, Inc. Our principal executive offices are located at 55 Almaden Boulevard, 6th Floor, San Jose, California 95113. Our telephone number is (888) 799-9666. Our website address is https://zoom.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Zoom design logo, “Zoom,” “Zoom Communications,” and our other registered or common law trademarks, service marks, or trade names appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are the property of Zoom Communications, Inc. Other trade names, trademarks, and service marks used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are the property of their respective owners.
Available Information
We file annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Exchange Act. The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information that we file with the SEC electronically. Copies of our reports on Form 10-K, Forms 10-Q, Forms 8-K, and amendments to those reports may also be obtained, free of charge, electronically through our investor relations website located at investors.zoom.us as soon as reasonably practical after we file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC.
We announce material information to the public through a variety of means, including filings with the SEC, press releases, our newsroom (news.zoom.us), public conference calls, our website (www.zoom.com), and the investor relations section of our website (investors.zoom.us). We use these channels, as well as social media, including our blog (blog.zoom.us), our X (formerly Twitter) account (@zoom_us), our LinkedIn page (linkedin.com/company/zoom), our Instagram page (instagram.com/zoom), our TikTok page (tiktok.com/@zoom), and our Facebook page (facebook.com/zoom), to communicate with investors and the public about Zoom, our products and services, and other matters. Therefore, we encourage investors, the media, and others interested in Zoom to review the information we make public in these locations, as such information could be deemed to be material information. Information on or that can be accessed through our websites or these social media channels is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and the inclusion of our website addresses and social media channels are inactive textual references only.

Item 1A. RISK FACTORS
Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before making a decision to invest in our securities. The risks and uncertainties described below may not be the only ones we face. If any of the risks actually occur, our business could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our Class A common stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry
Our business depends on our ability to attract new customers, retain and upsell additional products and new product categories to existing customers, and upgrade free users to our paid offerings. Any decline in new customers, renewals, or upgrades would harm our business.
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Our business depends upon our ability to attract new customers and maintain and expand our relationships with our existing customers, including upselling additional products and new product categories to our existing customers and upgrading users from a free plan to one of our paid offerings.
Our business is subscription based, and customers are not obligated to, and may choose not to, renew their subscriptions after their existing subscriptions expire. Customers may also terminate or reduce the size of their existing subscriptions. As a result, we cannot provide assurance that customers will renew their subscriptions utilizing the same tier of plan, upgrade to a higher-priced tier, or purchase additional products, if they renew at all. Renewals of subscriptions to our platform may decline or fluctuate because of several factors, such as the composition of our customer base dissatisfaction with our products and support, a customer no longer having a need for our products, or a belief that a competitor’s product is better, more secure, or less expensive than our products and platform. Renewals are also impacted by reductions in customer information technology spending budgets or a decision by the customer to consolidate their spending budgets on one of our competitor’s platforms, both of which are more likely to occur during periods of high inflation or recessionary or uncertain economic environments. We must continually add new customers and licenses to grow our business and to replace customers and licenses who choose not to continue to use our platform. Finally, any decrease in user satisfaction with our products or support would harm our brand, word-of-mouth referrals, and ability to grow.
We encourage customers to purchase additional products and encourage users of our free offering to upgrade to one of our paid offerings by recommending additional features and through in-product prompts and notifications. However, free users may never upgrade to one of our paid offerings. We also seek to expand within organizations by adding new licenses, having workplaces purchase additional products, or expanding the use of our platform into other teams and departments within an organization. If we fail to upsell our customers or upgrade free users to one of our paid offerings or expand the number of licenses within organizations, our business would be harmed.
Our revenue growth rate has fluctuated in prior periods, and may decline in future periods.
Our revenue growth has fluctuated in prior periods. You should not rely on the revenue growth of any prior quarterly or annual period as an indication of our future performance. There are no assurances we will be able to sustain our revenue growth in future periods, and our revenue growth rate may remain flat or decline in future periods. Many factors have and may contribute to declines in our growth rate, including higher market penetration, increased competition, macroeconomic conditions, such as inflation, recessionary or uncertain economic environments, fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates, slowing demand for our platform, a lower than anticipated capitalization on growth opportunities, and the maturation of our business, among others. Our growth rate could adversely affect investors’ perceptions of our business and the trading price of our Class A common stock could be adversely affected.
Interruptions, delays, or outages in service from our co-located data centers or cloud hosting services and a variety of other factors, would impair, and in the past have impaired, the delivery of our services, require us to issue credits or pay penalties, and harm our business.
We currently serve our users from various co-located data centers located throughout the world. We also utilize cloud hosting services such as Amazon Web Services and Oracle Cloud for the hosting of certain critical aspects of our business and Microsoft Azure for limited customer-specified managed services. As part of our distributed meeting architecture, we establish private links between data centers that automatically transfer data between various data centers. Damage to, or failure of, these data centers has in the past resulted in and could in the future result in interruptions or delays in our services. In addition, we have experienced, and may in the future experience, other interruptions and delays in our services caused by a variety of other factors, including, but not limited to, infrastructure changes, vendor (including cloud hosting) issues, human or software errors, viruses, security attacks, ransomware or cyber extortion, fraud, general internet availability issues, spikes in usage, local administrative actions, changes to legal or permitting requirements, and denial of service issues. In some instances, we may not be able to identify the cause or causes of these problems within an acceptable period of time. For example, we have experienced partial outages in our services that impacted a subset of our users for a limited number of hours. Additionally, in connection with the addition of new data centers, expansion or consolidation of our existing data center facilities, or other reasons, we may move or transfer our data and our users’ metadata to other data centers, not including our China data center. Despite precautions that we take during this process, any unsuccessful data transfers may impair or cause disruptions in the delivery of our service, and we may incur significant costs in connection with any such move or transfer. Interruptions, delays, or outages in our services would reduce our revenue; may require us to issue credits or pay penalties; may subject us to claims and litigation; and may cause customers to terminate their subscriptions and adversely affect our ability to attract new customers. Our ability to attract and retain customers and licenses depends on our ability to provide customers and users with a highly reliable platform and even minor interruptions or delays in our services could harm our business.
Additionally, if our data centers or cloud hosting services are unable to keep up with our increasing needs for capacity, customers may experience delays or interruptions in service as we seek to obtain additional capacity, which could result in the
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loss of customers who use our unified communications and collaboration platform because of its reliability and performance. We plan to continue our practice of opening new co-located data centers throughout the world to meet increased demand, but we may be unable to bring additional data centers online in a timely manner, including as a result of current shortages for certain parts, such as servers.
We do not control, or in some cases have limited control over, the operation of the co-located data center facilities and cloud hosting services we use, and they are vulnerable to damage or interruption from human error; intentional bad acts; earthquakes; floods; fires; hurricanes; war; terrorist attacks; power losses; hardware failures; systems failures; telecommunications failures; disease; and other public health related measures, any of which could disrupt our service. In the event of significant physical damage to one of these data centers or disruption of the cloud hosting services we use, it may take a significant period of time to achieve full resumption of our services and our disaster recovery planning may not account for all eventualities. Despite precautions taken at these data center facilities, the occurrence of a natural disaster, an act of terrorism, or other act of malfeasance, a decision to close the facilities without adequate notice or other unanticipated problems at the facilities would harm our business.
We operate in competitive markets, and we must continue to compete effectively.
The market for communication and collaboration technologies platforms is competitive and rapidly changing and includes companies ranging from new market entrants to hyperscalers that provide technologies to improve communication and collaboration technologies platforms either as bundled solutions or standalone products. Given the range of companies in this space, maintaining an open and robust marketplace with fair competition is important. Certain features of our current platform compete in the communication and collaboration technologies market with products offered by:

• bundled productivity suite providers with communication offerings, including Microsoft 365 (with Teams) and Google Workspace (with Meet);
• legacy web-based meeting providers, including Cisco Webex and GoTo;
• UCaaS and legacy PBX providers, including Avaya, RingCentral, and 8x8;
• Contact Center providers, including Five9, Inc., Genesys, and NICE inContact; and
• consumer-facing platforms that can support small- or medium-sized businesses, including Amazon, Apple, and Facebook.
Other large established companies may also make investments in video communications tools. In addition, as we introduce new products and services into our platform, and with the introduction of new technologies and market entrants, including AI, we expect competition to continue to intensify.
As we continue to build out our platform, we may face increased competition from companies that offer similar services and new competitors that may enter that market in the future. Our customers also include consumers or small and medium-sized businesses. With respect to these smaller customers, we face competition from more consumer-oriented platforms, most of which have more experience with the consumer market than we do. Further, many of our actual and potential competitors benefit from competitive advantages over us, such as greater name recognition; longer operating histories; more varied products and services; larger marketing budgets; more established marketing, customers and partner relationships; more third-party integrations; greater accessibility across devices and applications; greater access to larger user bases; major distribution agreements with hardware manufacturers and resellers; and greater financial, technical, and other resources. Some of our competitors may make acquisitions or strategic investments or enter into strategic relationships to offer a broader range of products and services than we do, which may prevent us from using such third parties' technology or offering such products or services. These combinations may make it more difficult for us to compete effectively. We expect these trends to continue as competitors attempt to strengthen or maintain their market positions.
Demand for our platform is also price sensitive. Many factors, including our marketing, user acquisition, and technology costs, and our current and future competitors’ pricing and marketing strategies, can significantly affect our pricing strategies. Certain competitors offer, or may in the future offer, lower-priced or free products, or services that compete with our platform, or may bundle and offer a broader range of products and services than we do. Similarly, certain competitors may use marketing strategies that enable them to acquire customers at a lower cost than we can. Furthermore, third parties could build products similar to ours that rely on open source software. Even if such products do not include all the features and functionality that our platform provides, we could face pricing pressure from these third parties to the extent that users find such alternative products to be sufficient to meet their needs. In some cases, we have been forced to engage in price-cutting initiatives or other discounts to attract and retain customers in response to competitive pressures, and may have to do so in the future. We, on occasion, offer
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customers a free period of time at the beginning of the subscription term that can result in deferred billings or long-term accounts receivable and increase the risk of loss on uncollected accounts receivable.
Our results have fluctuated and may in the future fluctuate significantly and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business.
Our results of operations have fluctuated and may in the future fluctuate significantly, and period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations may not be meaningful. Accordingly, the results of any one quarter should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. Our results of operations may fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, and as a result, may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business. For example, during fiscal year 2021, we experienced rapid growth in usage of our unified communications and collaboration platform largely due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant portion of which was attributable to free Basic accounts, which do not generate any revenue. To meet this increased demand, we have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant costs associated with upgrading our infrastructure and expanding our capacity. Fluctuations in our results may negatively impact the value of our securities. Factors that may cause fluctuations in our results of operations include, without limitation, those listed below:
• our ability to retain and upgrade customers to higher-priced plans;
• our ability to attract new customers and upgrade free users to one of our paid offerings;
• our ability to hire and retain employees, in particular those responsible for the selling or marketing of our platform;
• our ability to hire, develop, and retain talented sales personnel who are able to achieve desired productivity levels in a reasonable period of time and provide sales leadership in areas in which we are expanding our sales and marketing efforts;
• changes in the way we organize and compensate our sales teams;
• the timing of expenses and recognition of revenue;
• our ability to increase sales to large organizations;
• the length of our sales cycles and linearity of our bookings, especially with respect to sales to large enterprises and highly regulated industries, including financial services and U.S. federal and state and foreign governmental agencies;
• the amount and timing of operating expenses related to the maintenance and expansion of our business, operations, and infrastructure, as well as international expansion and entry into operating leases, and the hiring and retention of personnel who can build, manage, and maintain our expanded business operations and infrastructure;
• timing and effectiveness of new sales and marketing initiatives;
• changes in our pricing policies or those of our competitors;
• our ability to hire and retain experienced research and development personnel to design new products, features, and functionality that meet our privacy and security standards;
• the timing and success of new products, features, and functionality by us or our competitors;
• interruptions or delays in our service, network outages, or actual, alleged, or perceived privacy violations or issues or security vulnerabilities, incidents, or breaches;
• lawsuits, regulatory actions or investigations, legislator scrutiny, or negative publicity arising from actual, alleged, or perceived privacy violations or issues or security vulnerabilities, incidents, or breaches;
• changes in the competitive dynamics of our industry, including consolidation among competitors;
• changes in laws and regulations that impact our business;
• any large indemnification payments to our users or other third parties;
• the timing of expenses related to any future acquisitions; and
• general economic and market conditions.
Our business may be significantly affected by changes in the economy, including any resulting effect on consumer or business spending.
Our business may be significantly affected by changes in the economy, such as high inflation and the responses by central banking authorities to control such inflation, recessionary or uncertain environments, fluctuations in the foreign currency exchange rates and geopolitical tensions and military conflicts, and tariffs, the threat of new or increased tariffs and
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trade tensions, including the United States' ongoing trade disputes with China and other countries. While some customers may view a subscription to our platform as a cost-saving purchase, decreasing the need for business travel, others may view a subscription to our platform as a discretionary purchase, and our customers may reduce their information technology spending on our platform during an economic downturn or during times of economic uncertainty. Given current economic conditions, including inflation, we have experienced and may continue to experience a loss of users and customers, as well as a reduction in demand for our platform, especially if the effects of the current economic environment have a prolonged impact on various industries that our unified communications and collaboration platform addresses. In addition to the foregoing, adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other third parties, such as bank failures, or concerns or speculation about any similar events or risks, could lead to market-wide liquidity problems, which in turn may cause third parties, including customers, to become unable to meet their obligations under various types of financial arrangements as well as general disruptions or instability in the financial markets. Moreover, we have lost and may continue to lose customers as a result of such customers ceasing to do business, and we have experienced and may continue to experience a material increase in longer payment cycles and greater difficulty in collecting accounts receivable from certain customers. These issues may continue in the future if current economic conditions continue or worsen.
As we increase sales to large organizations, our sales cycles have and could continue to lengthen, and we could experience greater deployment challenges.
We invest significant resources into sales to large organizations. Large organizations typically undertake a significant evaluation and negotiation process due to their leverage, size, organizational structure, and approval requirements, all of which have and may continue to lengthen our sales cycle. We have also faced and may in the future face unexpected deployment challenges with large organizations or more complicated deployment of some or all aspects of our platform. Large organizations may demand additional features, support services and pricing concessions, or require additional security management or control features. We may spend substantial time, effort, and money on sales efforts to large organizations without any assurance that our efforts will produce any sales or that these customers will deploy our platform widely enough across their organization to justify our substantial up-front investment. As a result, we anticipate increased sales to large organizations will lead to higher up-front sales costs and greater unpredictability in our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
We generate revenue from sales of subscriptions to our platform, and any decline in demand for our platform or for communications and collaboration technologies in general would harm our business.
We generate, and expect to continue to generate, revenue from the sale of subscriptions to our platform. As a result, widespread acceptance and use of communications and collaboration technologies in general, and our platform in particular, is critical to our future growth and success. If the communications and collaboration technologies market fails to grow, or grows more slowly than we currently anticipate, demand for our platform could be negatively affected.
Changes in user preferences for communications and collaboration technologies may have a disproportionately greater impact on us than if we offered multiple platforms or disparate products. Demand for communications and collaboration technologies in general, and our platform in particular, is affected by a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Some of these potential factors include:
• general awareness of the communications and collaboration technologies category;
• availability of products and services that compete with ours;
• new modes of communications and collaboration that may be developed in the future;
• a reduction in customer information technology spending budgets, or a consolidation of spending budgets on our competitors' platforms, especially during periods of inflation or recessionary or uncertain economic environments;
• ease of adoption and use;
• features and platform experience;
• reliability of our platform, including frequency of outages;
• performance;
• brand;
• user support; and
• pricing.
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The communications and collaboration technologies market is subject to rapidly changing user demand and trends in preferences. If we fail to successfully predict and address these changes and trends, meet user demands, or achieve more widespread market acceptance of our platform, our business would be harmed.
We have incurred net losses in the past, and there are no assurances we will be able to maintain or increase profitability in the future.
We have incurred net losses in the past and could incur net losses in the future. We intend to continue to expend significant funds on our sales and marketing efforts to attract new customers, expand the number of licenses and services used by our customers and develop and enhance our products. We also intend to continue investing in general corporate purposes, including operations, hiring additional personnel, including through acquisitions of other businesses, upgrading our infrastructure, addressing security and privacy issues, and expanding into new geographies and markets. To the extent we are successful in increasing our customer base, we may also incur increased losses because, other than sales commissions, the costs associated with acquiring customers are generally incurred up front, while the subscription revenue is generally recognized ratably over the subscription term, which can be monthly, annual, or on a multiyear basis. Our efforts to grow our business may be costlier than we expect, and we may not be able to increase our revenue enough to offset our higher operating expenses, which may result in decreased profitability. We may incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, including as a result of the other risks described herein, and unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays, and other unknown events. While free users continue to be a meaningful portion of the user base, we have directed marketing programs focused on converting free users to paid subscriptions. Some of these users have upgraded to a paid plan, but the remainder have not and may never do so. If we are unable to increase or sustain our profitability, the value of our business and Class A common stock may significantly decrease. Furthermore, it is difficult to predict the size and growth rate of our market, customer demand for our platform, customer adoption and renewal of our platform, the entry of competitive products and services, or the success of existing competitive products and services. As a result, we may not be able to increase or maintain profitability in future periods. If we fail to grow our revenue sufficiently to keep pace with our investments and other expenses, our business would be harmed.
The experience of our users depends upon the interoperability of our platform across devices, operating systems, and third-party applications that we do not control, and if we are not able to maintain and expand our relationships with third parties to integrate our platform with their solutions, our business may be harmed.
One of the most important features of our platform is its broad interoperability with a range of diverse devices, operating systems, and third-party applications. Our platform is accessible from the web and from devices running Windows, Mac OS, iOS, Android, and Linux. We also have integrations with Atlassian, Dropbox, Google, Microsoft, Salesforce, Slack, and a variety of other productivity, collaboration, data management, and security vendors. We are dependent on the accessibility of our platform across these and other third-party operating systems and applications that we do not control, and some of these third parties can make it more difficult for our platform to interoperate with their systems in favor of competitive platforms. For example, given the broad adoption of Microsoft Office and other productivity software, it is important that we are able to integrate with this software. Several of our competitors own, develop, operate, or distribute operating systems, app stores, co-located data center services, and other software, and also have material business relationships with companies that own, develop, operate, or distribute operating systems, applications markets, co-located data center services, and other software that our platform requires in order to operate. Moreover, some of these competitors have inherent advantages developing products and services that more tightly integrate with their software and hardware platforms or those of their business partners.
Third-party services and products are constantly evolving, and we may not be able to modify our platform to assure its compatibility with that of other third parties following development changes. In addition, some of our competitors may be able to disrupt the operations or compatibility of our platform with their products or services, or exert strong business influence on our ability to, and terms on which we, operate and distribute our platform. For example, we currently offer products that directly compete with several large technology companies that we rely on to ensure the interoperability of our platform with their products or services. As our respective products evolve, we expect this level of competition to increase. Should any of our competitors modify their products or standards in a manner that degrades the functionality of our platform or gives preferential treatment to competitive products or services, whether to enhance their competitive position or for any other reason, the interoperability of our platform with these products could decrease and our business could be harmed.
In addition, we provide, develop, and create applications for our platform partners that integrate our platform with our partners’ various offerings. For example, our Zoom Workplace product integrates with tools offered by companies, such as Atlassian and Dropbox, to help teams get more done together. If we are not able to continue and expand on existing and new relationships to integrate our platform with our partners’ solutions, or there are quality issues with our products or service interruptions of our products that integrate with our partners’ solutions, our business will be harmed.
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We are subject to requirements imposed by app stores such as those operated by Apple and Google, who may change their technical requirements or policies in a manner that adversely impacts the way in which we or our partners collect, use and share data from users. For example, Apple requires mobile applications using its iOS mobile operating system to obtain a user’s permission to track them or access their device’s advertising identifier for certain purposes. The long-term impact of these and any other privacy and regulatory changes remains uncertain. If we do not comply with applicable requirements imposed by app stores, we could lose access to the app store and users, and our business would be harmed.
We may not be able to respond to rapid technological changes, extend our platform, or develop new features.
The communications and collaboration technologies market is characterized by rapid technological change and frequent new product and service introductions. Our ability to grow our customer base and increase our revenue will depend heavily on our ability to enhance and improve our platform; introduce new features and products; and interoperate across an increasing range of devices, operating systems, and third-party applications. Our customers may require features and capabilities that our current platform does not have. In particular, advancements in technology such as AI and machine learning are changing the way people work, and businesses that are slow to adopt these new technologies may face a competitive disadvantage. We invest significantly in research and development, and our goal is to focus our spending on measures that improve quality and ease of adoption, enhance privacy and security, and create organic demand for our platform. There is no assurance that new additions or other future enhancements to our platform or new product experiences, features, or capabilities will be compelling to our customers or gain market acceptance, or that they will perform as expected. If our research and development investments do not accurately anticipate demand or if we fail to develop our platform in a manner that satisfies customer preferences and requirements in a timely and cost-effective manner, we may fail to retain our existing customers or increase demand for our platform.
The introduction of new products and services by competitors or the development of entirely new technologies to replace existing offerings, such as AI-powered communication and collaboration tools, could make our platform obsolete or adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. We may experience difficulties with software development, design, or marketing that could delay or prevent our development, introduction, or implementation of new product experiences, features, or capabilities. We have in the past experienced delays in our internally planned release dates of new features and capabilities and there can be no assurance that new product experiences, features, or capabilities will be released according to schedule. Any delays could result in adverse publicity, loss of revenue or market acceptance, or claims by users brought against us, all of which could harm our business. Moreover, new productivity features to our platform may require substantial investment, and we have no assurance that such investments will be successful. If customers and users do not widely adopt our new product experiences, features, and capabilities, or they do not perform as expected, we may not be able to realize a return on our investment. If we are unable to develop, license, or acquire new features and capabilities to our platform on a timely and cost-effective basis, or if such enhancements do not achieve market acceptance, our business would be harmed.
We use generative AI including in our products and services, which may result in operational challenges, legal liability, reputational concerns, competitive risks and regulatory concerns that could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We use generative AI processes and algorithms, including by deploying generative AI features in our products and services, which may result in adverse effects to our operations, legal liability, reputation and competitive risks. The use of generative and agentic AI at scale is relatively new, and may lead to challenges, concerns and risks that are significant or that we may not be able to predict. For example, AI algorithms use machine learning (“ML”) and predictive analytics which may be insufficient, biased, inaccurate or of poor quality, which could result in customer rejection or skepticism of our products, adversely impact the rights of individuals, affect our reputation or brand, and negatively affect our financial results. Additionally, we rely on third parties for certain AI features of our products and if such third parties do not provide us those features (or do not do so on acceptable terms), experience interruptions, or cease operating, we may need to work with another provider, which may take time or may not be possible, and could result in the disruption of certain of our products or services, affect our reputation or brand, and negatively affect our financial results. We could also face claims from third parties claiming infringement of their intellectual property or other proprietary rights with respect to materials used or created by generative or agentic AI tools or features that we believed to be available for use and not subject to such rights. The investment required to bring AI features to market and the costs associated with providing these features to our customers may be significant, and we may be unable to recover these costs if customers and users do not widely adopt these features. We currently offer certain of our AI features at no additional cost, as we believe they will ultimately enhance user satisfaction, improve customer retention, and drive revenue. If such benefits are not realized, the associated investment costs could further negatively impact our margins. Further, use of generative AI tools by our employees or others could result in disclosure of confidential or sensitive company and customer data, reputational harm, and legal liability.
The failure to effectively develop and expand our marketing and sales capabilities could harm our ability to increase our customer base and achieve broader market acceptance of our platform.
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Our ability to increase our customer base and achieve broader market acceptance of our products and services will depend to a significant extent on our ability to expand our marketing and sales operations. We plan to continue expanding our sales and marketing capabilities, including through strategic partners, both domestically and internationally. If we are unable to expand our sales and marketing operations, our future revenue growth and business could be adversely impacted.
Identifying and recruiting qualified sales representatives and training them is time consuming and resource intensive, and they may not be fully trained and productive for a significant amount of time. We also plan to dedicate significant resources to sales and marketing programs, including internet and other online advertising. All of these efforts will require us to invest significant financial and other resources, as the cost to acquire customers through these efforts is high. Our business will be harmed if our efforts do not generate a correspondingly significant increase in revenue.
Failures in internet infrastructure or interference with broadband access could cause current or potential users to believe that our systems are unreliable, possibly leading our customers to switch to our competitors, or to cancel their subscriptions to our platform.
Unlike traditional communications and collaboration technologies, our services depend on our users’ high-speed broadband access to the internet, usually provided through a cable or digital subscriber line connection. Increasing numbers of users and increasing bandwidth requirements may degrade the performance of our platform due to capacity constraints and other internet infrastructure limitations. As our number of users has grown and their usage of communications capacity has increased, we have been required to make additional investments in network capacity to maintain adequate data transmission speeds, the availability of which may be limited, or the cost of which may be on terms unacceptable to us. If adequate capacity does not continue to be available to us to support our user base in the future, our network may be unable to achieve or maintain sufficiently high data transmission capacity, reliability, or performance. In addition, if internet service providers and other third parties providing internet services have outages or deteriorations in their quality of service, our users will not have access to our platform or may experience a decrease in the quality of our platform. Furthermore, as the rate of adoption of new technologies increases, the networks our platform relies on may not be able to sufficiently adapt to the increased demand for these services, including ours. Frequent or persistent interruptions could cause current or potential users to believe that our systems or platform are unreliable, leading them to switch to our competitors or to avoid our platform, which could permanently harm our business.
In addition, users who access our platform through mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, must have a high-speed connection, such as 3G, 4G, 5G, LTE, satellite, or Wi-Fi, to use our services and applications. Currently, this access is provided by companies that have significant and increasing market power in the broadband and internet access marketplace, including incumbent phone companies, cable companies, satellite companies, and wireless companies. Some of these providers offer products and subscriptions that directly compete with our own offerings, which can potentially give them a competitive advantage. Also, these providers could take measures that degrade, disrupt, or increase the cost of user access to third-party services, including our platform, by restricting or prohibiting the use of their infrastructure to support or facilitate third-party services or by charging increased fees to third parties or the users of third-party services, any of which would make our platform less attractive to users and reduce our revenue.
On January 4, 2018, the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) released an order reclassifying broadband internet access as an information service, a regulatory regime generally referred to as network neutrality, subject to certain provisions of Title I of the Communications Act. The order requires broadband providers to publicly disclose accurate information regarding network management practices, performance characteristics, and commercial terms of their broadband internet access services sufficient to enable consumers to make informed choices regarding the purchase and use of such services, and entrepreneurs and other small businesses to develop, market, and maintain internet offerings. The new rules went into effect on June 11, 2018. Numerous parties filed judicial challenges to the order, and on October 1, 2019, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit released a decision that rejected nearly all of the challenges to the new rules, but reversed the FCC’s decision to prohibit all state and local regulation targeted at broadband internet service, requiring case-by-case determinations as to whether state and local regulation conflicts with the FCC’s rules. The court also required the FCC to reexamine three issues from the order but allowed the order to remain in effect, while the FCC conducts that review. On October 27, 2020, the FCC adopted an order concluding that the three issues remanded by the court did not provide a basis to alter its conclusions in the 2018 order. On October 19, 2023, the FCC adopted a notice of proposed rulemaking proposing to reinstate the 2015 rules, and on April 24, 2024, adopted an order that substantially reinstated those rules. On January 2, 2025, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit issued a decision overturning the FCC order. A petition for rehearing of the decision filed by proponents of network neutrality was denied on March 11, 2025. On August 8, 2025, the proponents of network neutrality announced that they would not seek Supreme Court review of the Sixth Circuit decision. On November 3, 2025, the FCC released a notice of proposed rulemaking that proposed changes to the rules for disclosure of information on broadband services provided to consumers. We cannot predict the impact of the Sixth Circuit decision, the reinstatement of the prior rules or the proposed changes to the rules on our operations or business.
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In addition, a number of states have adopted or are adopting or considering legislation or executive actions that would regulate the conduct of broadband providers, including legislation to impose state-level network requirements in New York. After a federal court judge denied a request for a preliminary injunction against California’s state-specific network neutrality law, California began enforcing that law on March 25, 2021. Several other states have adopted or are adopting or considering legislation or executive actions that would regulate the conduct of broadband providers. A similar law in Vermont is subject to a pending challenge, but went into effect on April 20, 2022 and the challenge has been suspended until an appeal in another case addressing state powers to adopt internet regulation is resolved. The FCC’s April 24 order, which, as described above, was overturned by the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, permits it to preempt any state-level network neutrality requirements that go beyond the requirements adopted in that order, but specifically held that the California law would not be preempted. We cannot predict whether the FCC order or other state initiatives will be enforced, modified, overturned, or vacated by legal action of the court, federal legislation, or the FCC. Under the FCC’s 2018 rules, which currently remain in effect, broadband internet access providers may be able to charge web-based services such as ours for priority access or favor services offered by our competitors or by the internet access providers themselves, which could result in increased costs and a loss of existing customers, impair our ability to attract new customers, and harm our business.
If there are changes to the regulatory structures in the United States or elsewhere that reduce investment in infrastructure by internet service providers, including a return of the network neutrality regulations that were overturned, any impacts of reduced investment that reduce network capacity or speed could have a negative effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Our security measures, and those of third parties with whom we work, have been compromised in the past and may be compromised in the future. If our security measures are compromised in the future or if our information technology fails, this could harm our reputation, expose us to significant fines and liability, impair our sales, and harm our business. In addition, if our products and services are perceived as not being secure, this could result in customers and users curtailing or ceasing their use of our products, us incurring significant liabilities, and our business being harmed.
In the ordinary course of our business, we and the third parties with whom we work collect, receive, store, process, generate, use, transfer, disclose, make accessible, protect, secure, dispose of, transmit, and share confidential, proprietary, and sensitive data, including data of ours, our customers, and our users, the data which includes personal information, customer and user content, health-related data, intellectual property, trade secrets, business plans, and financial information. We and the third parties upon which we rely face a variety of evolving threats, including but not limited to ransomware attacks, which could cause security incidents. We routinely investigate security incidents, which have occurred in the past and may occur in the future, that result in unauthorized access to, loss or unauthorized disclosure of, or inadvertent disclosure of confidential, proprietary, and sensitive information.
Cyberattacks, other malicious internet-based activity, online and offline fraud, and other similar activities threaten the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our proprietary, confidential, and sensitive data and information technology systems, and those of the third parties with whom we work. Cloud-based platform providers of products and services have been and are expected to continue to be targeted. Threats are prevalent and continue to rise, are increasingly difficult to detect, and come from a variety of sources, including traditional computer “hackers,” threat actors, “hacktivists,” organized criminal threat actors, personnel (such as through theft or misuse), sophisticated nation-state and nation-state supported actors, and advanced persistent threat intrusions. Some actors now engage and are expected to continue to engage in cyberattacks, including without limitation nation-state actors for geopolitical reasons and in conjunction with military conflicts and defense activities. During times of war and other major conflicts, we and the third parties with whom we work may be vulnerable to a heightened risk of these attacks, which could materially disrupt our systems and operations, supply chain, and ability to provide our services. We and the third parties with whom we work are subject to a variety of evolving threats, including but not limited to social-engineering attacks (including through deep fakes, which may be increasingly difficult to identify as fake, and phishing attacks), malicious code (such as viruses and worms), malware (including as a result of advanced persistent threat intrusions), denial-of-service attacks, credential stuffing, personnel misconduct or error, supply-chain attacks, software bugs, server malfunctions, software or hardware failures, loss of data or other information technology assets, adware, telecommunications failures, attacks enhanced or facilitated by AI, earthquakes, fires, floods, and other similar threats. Ransomware attacks, including those perpetrated by organized criminal threat actors, nation-states, and nation-state-supported actors, are becoming increasingly prevalent and severe and can lead to significant interruptions in our operations or our ability to provide our products or services, loss of data and income, reputational harm, and diversion of funds. Extortion payments may alleviate the negative impact of a ransomware attack, but we may be unwilling or unable to make such payments due to, for example, applicable laws or regulations prohibiting such payments. Moreover, we and many similarly situated companies have been targeted by nation-state sponsored schemes intended to defraud companies through remote-work IT scams. While to date, these scams have not been successful, if they were to succeed, these scams could expose us to governmental and regulatory as well as market and media scrutiny regarding the actual or perceived integrity of our platform or data security, as well as other potential liability and consequences. Additionally, our platform, products, and services are relied on by a large number of companies
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worldwide and as a result, if our platform, products, or solutions are compromised, a significant number or all of our customers and their data could be simultaneously affected. The potential liability and associated consequences we could suffer as a result of such a large-scale event could be catastrophic and result in irreparable harm.
Future or past business transactions (such as acquisitions or integrations) could expose us to additional cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities, as our systems could be negatively affected by vulnerabilities present in acquired or integrated entities’ systems and technologies. Furthermore, we have discovered, and may in the future discover security issues that were not found during due diligence of such acquired or integrated entities, and it may be difficult to integrate companies into our information technology environment and security program.
Our customers may place certain security obligations on us. For example, some of our customers may be subject to the EU’s Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA) and similar UK regulatory requirements on operational resilience. These laws may obligate our customers to impose contractual provisions on us, including certain mandatory third-party risk management provisions. If we fail to materially comply with these contractual requirements, we may be subject to investigations, audits or other adverse consequences.
In addition, our reliance on third parties has in the past and could continue to introduce new cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities, including supply-chain attacks, and other threats to our business operations. We rely on third parties to operate critical business systems to process confidential, proprietary, and sensitive data in a variety of contexts, including, without limitation, cloud-based infrastructure, data center facilities, encryption and authentication technology, employee email, content delivery to customers, and other functions. We also rely on third parties to provide other products, services and parts, or otherwise to operate our business. Our ability to monitor these third parties’ information security practices is limited, and these third parties may not have adequate information security measures in place. If the third parties with whom we work experience a security incident or other interruption, we could experience adverse consequences. While we may be entitled to damages if the third parties with whom we work fail to satisfy their privacy or security-related obligations to us, any award may be insufficient to cover our damages, or we may be unable to recover such award. In addition, supply-chain attacks have increased in frequency and severity, and we cannot guarantee that third parties’ infrastructure in our supply chain or that of the third parties with whom we work supply chains have not been compromised.
If our security measures are compromised, as has occurred in the past, our reputation could be damaged; our data, information or intellectual property, or that of our customers, may be destroyed, stolen, or otherwise compromised; our business may be harmed; and we could incur significant liability. We take steps designed to detect and remediate vulnerabilities in our information systems and those of third parties with whom we work, but we may not detect or remediate all such vulnerabilities or do so in a timely manner. The threats and techniques used to exploit vulnerabilities change frequently and are often sophisticated in nature, and may be difficult to detect by security tools. Vulnerabilities could be exploited and result in a security incident. We have limited budgetary and human resources for detecting and remediating vulnerabilities and have experienced difficulties in hiring and retaining qualified security personnel, especially after our recent restructuring actions. We may experience delays in developing and deploying remedial measures, including patches, designed to address identified vulnerabilities, and our remedial measures may require action by our customers such as installing patches or updates, which may increase the amount of time a vulnerability remains unremediated. We have not always been able in the past and may be unable in the future to anticipate or prevent threats or techniques used to detect or exploit vulnerabilities in our information systems or third-party software, or obtain unauthorized access to or compromise our systems.
In addition, security researchers and other individuals have in the past and will continue in the future to actively search for and exploit actual and potential vulnerabilities in our software or services. This activity may increase because of increased demand for our services and increased media scrutiny of our unified communications and collaboration platform, and can lead to additional adverse publicity, reputational harm, extortion threats, business and operational interruptions, security incidents, additional expenses, litigation, regulatory investigations and actions, and substantial harm to our business, some of which we have experienced. For example, in July 2019, a security researcher published a blog highlighting concerns with the Zoom Meeting platform, including certain video-on features. We were able to release updates to the software addressing these vulnerabilities, and we are not aware of any customers being affected or meetings compromised by these vulnerabilities. In most cases, customers are responsible for installing this update to the software, and their software is subject to these vulnerabilities until they do so. Additionally, in March 2020, a security researcher reported certain vulnerabilities related to our macOS version that could have allowed an unauthorized person to gain root access to a user’s system. Given the nature of our business and operations, our products and services will inevitably contain vulnerabilities or critical security defects that have not been identified or remediated and cannot be disclosed without compromising security. We have identified high or critical vulnerabilities in our products, services and information systems in the past, and we expect that we will continue to identify such vulnerabilities in the future. We cannot be certain that we will be able to address any vulnerabilities in our products, services and information systems that we may become aware of in the future, or there may be delays in developing patches that can be effectively deployed to address vulnerabilities.
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We will continue to make prioritization decisions based on, among other things, our available resources, the efficacy of our security tools, and the increasing workload to meet certain security obligations, to determine which vulnerabilities or security defects to fix and the timing of these fixes, which could result in an exploit that compromises security. In some cases, customers are responsible for installing our software updates, and until they do so, their service remains subject to the vulnerabilities addressed in the software update. Vulnerabilities and critical security defects, errors in remediating vulnerabilities or security defects, failure of third-party providers to remediate vulnerabilities or security defects, or customers not deploying security releases or deciding not to install software updates could result in claims of liability against us, damage our reputation, or otherwise harm our business.
Security incidents and vulnerabilities, and concerns regarding privacy, data protection, and information security may also prevent some of our customers and users from using or cause some of our customers and users to stop using our solutions and fail to upgrade or renew their subscriptions. Failures to meet customers’ and users’ expectations with respect to security and confidentiality of their data and information could damage our reputation and affect our ability to retain customers and users, attract new customers and users, and grow our business.
In addition, cybersecurity events or security vulnerabilities could result in breaches of our agreements with customers, lawsuits against us (including class action litigation), regulatory investigations or actions, and significant increases in costs, including costs for remediating the effects of such an event or vulnerability, lost revenue due to network downtime, and a decrease in customer and user trust, increases in insurance premiums due to cybersecurity incidents, increased costs to address cybersecurity issues, and attempts to prevent future incidents, fines, penalties, judgments and settlements, and attorney fees, and harm to our business and our reputation because of any such incident.
Any of the previously identified or similar threats could cause a security incident or other interruption that could result in unauthorized, unlawful, or accidental acquisition, modification, destruction, loss, alteration, encryption, disclosure of, or access to confidential, proprietary, or sensitive data or our information technology systems, or those of the third parties with whom we work. A security incident or other interruption could disrupt our ability (and that of third parties with whom we work) to provide our services. We expend significant resources or modify our business activities to try to protect against security incidents. Additionally, certain privacy, data protection, and information security obligations require us to implement and maintain certain security measures or industry-standard or reasonable security measures to protect our information technology systems and sensitive data.
Many governments have enacted laws requiring companies to provide notice of data security incidents, including those recently promulgated by the SEC. These laws may also require us to take certain measures, such as providing credit monitoring to individuals. Such laws are inconsistent, compliance in the event of a widespread data breach is costly, and the disclosure or the failure to comply with such requirements could lead to adverse consequences. In addition, some of our customers require us to notify them of data security breaches.
Actual or perceived security gaps or security compromises experienced in our industry or by our competitors, our customers, a third party with whom we work, or us could cause us to experience adverse consequences, such as government enforcement actions (for example, investigations, fines, penalties, audits, and inspections); additional reporting requirements and/or oversight; restrictions on processing sensitive data (including personal information); litigation (including class claims); indemnification obligations; negative publicity; reputational harm; monetary fund diversions; diversion of management attention; interruptions in our operations (including availability of data); financial loss; and other similar harms. Security incidents and attendant consequences may cause customers to stop using our services, deter new customers from using our services, and negatively impact our ability to grow and operate our business.
In addition, while more than half of our employees are based in the United States, like many similarly situated technology companies, we have a sizable number of research and development personnel outside of the United States, including in China, which has exposed and could continue to expose us to governmental and regulatory as well as market and media scrutiny regarding the actual or perceived integrity of our platform or data security and privacy features.
Increased usage of our services, novel uses of our services, and additional awareness of Zoom and our brand have led and could in the future lead to greater public scrutiny of, press related to, or a negative perception of our information security and potential vulnerabilities associated with our platform. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, we opened our platform to unprecedented numbers of first-time users, leading to challenges for users who did not have full IT support or established protocols for security and privacy like our larger customers. As a result, we have experienced negative publicity related to meeting disruptions and security and privacy issues, including on encryption. Such unfavorable publicity and scrutiny could result in material reputational harm, a loss of customer and user confidence, increased regulatory or litigation exposure, additional expenses, and other harm to our business.
There can be no assurance that any limitations of liability provisions in our subscription agreements, terms of use or other agreements would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from any such liabilities or damages with respect to any particular claim. We also cannot be sure that our existing general liability insurance coverage and coverage for
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cyber liability or errors or omissions will continue to be available on acceptable terms or will be available in sufficient amounts to cover one or more large claims or that the insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that are not covered or exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could harm our business.
In addition to experiencing a security incident, third parties may gather, collect, or infer sensitive information about us from public sources, data brokers, or other means that reveals competitively sensitive details about our organization and could be used to undermine our competitive advantage or market position.
Our business depends on a strong brand, and if we are not able to maintain and enhance our brand, our ability to expand our base of users will be impaired and our business will be harmed.
We believe that maintaining and enhancing the Zoom brand is critical to expanding our base of customers and users and, in particular, conveying to users and the public that the Zoom brand consists of a broad communications and collaboration platform, rather than just one distinct product. For example, if users view the Zoom brand primarily as a video conferencing point solution or utility rather than as a workplace collaboration solution that connects people through video, voice, chat and content sharing, or have a negative perception of our privacy and security, then our market position may be detrimentally impacted. We anticipate that, as our market becomes increasingly competitive, maintaining and enhancing our brand may become increasingly difficult and expensive. Any unfavorable publicity or perception of our platform, including from any delays or interruptions in service due to capacity constraints stemming from increased usage, from our privacy or security features, because of sentiment towards the providers of communication and collaboration technologies generally, or from our integration of new product functionalities using technologies with heightened public interest, could adversely affect our reputation and our ability to attract and retain customers. Similarly, any unfavorable perception of our company, including due to any actual or perceived violation by our employees of our policies, such as our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, could cause us reputational harm and customer loss, impact our financial performance, expose us to litigation, and harm our business, among other things. If we fail to promote and maintain the Zoom brand, including consumer and public perception of our platform or our company, or if we incur excessive expenses in this effort, our business will be harmed.
If we fail to manage our growth effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be harmed.
While our employee headcount both in the United States and internationally has generally increased over time, we have undertaken, and may undertake from time to time in the future, restructuring actions to better align our financial model. For example, in February 2023, we commenced certain restructuring actions, designed to reduce operating costs and continue advancing our ongoing commitment to profitable growth.
These organizational changes may not achieve or sustain the targeted benefits, or the benefits, even if achieved, may not be adequate to meet our long-term profitability and operational expectations. Steps we take to manage our business operations, including workplace policies for employees, and to align our operations with our strategies for future growth, may adversely affect our reputation and brand, our ability to recruit, retain and motivate highly skilled personnel. Additionally, while we expect to continue to grow our business and operations over time, we have encountered in the past, and may encounter in the future, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing industries. Our ability to manage our growth and business operations effectively and to integrate new employees, technologies and acquisitions into our existing business will require us to continue to expend resources to support our global user-base and to retain, attract, train, motivate and manage employees. This places a continuous, significant strain on our management, operational, and financial resources. If we fail to achieve the necessary level of efficiency in our organization as it grows, or if we are not able to accurately forecast future growth, our business would be harmed.
Our ability to sell subscriptions to our platform could be harmed by real or perceived material defects or errors in our platform.
The software technology underlying our platform is inherently complex and may contain material defects or errors, particularly when new products are first introduced or when new features or capabilities are released. We have from time to time found defects or errors in our platform, and new defects or errors in our existing platform or new products may be detected in the future by us or our users. There can be no assurance that our existing platform and new products will not contain defects. Any real or perceived errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs in our platform have in the past resulted and could in the future result in negative publicity or lead to data security, access, retention, or other performance issues, all of which could harm our business. The costs incurred in correcting such defects or errors may be substantial and could harm our business. Moreover, the harm to our reputation and legal liability related to such defects or errors may be substantial and would harm our business.
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We also utilize hardware purchased or leased and software and services licensed from third parties to offer our platform. Any defects in, or unavailability of, our or third-party hardware, software, or services that cause interruptions to the availability of our services, loss of data, or performance issues could, among other things:
• cause a reduction in revenue or delay in market acceptance of our platform;
• require us to issue refunds to our customers or expose us to claims for damages;
• cause us to lose existing customers and make it more difficult to attract new customers;
• divert our development resources or require us to make extensive changes to our platform, which would increase our expenses;
• increase our technical support costs; and
• harm our reputation and brand.
If we were to lose the services of our Chief Executive Officer or other members of our senior management team, we may not be able to execute our business strategy.
Our success depends in a large part upon the continued service of key members of our senior management team. In particular, our founder, President and Chief Executive Officer, Eric S. Yuan, is critical to our overall management, as well as the continued development of our products, services, the Zoom platform, our culture, our strategic direction, engineering, and our global operations, including regions such as the United States, Europe, Middle East, and Africa (“EMEA”), and Asia Pacific (“APAC”). All of our executive officers are at-will employees, and we do not maintain any key person life insurance policies. Any changes in our senior management team in particular, even in the ordinary course of business may be disruptive to our business. Such changes may result in a loss of institutional knowledge and cause disruptions to our business. If our senior management team fails to work together effectively or execute our plans and strategies on a timely basis as a result of management turnover or otherwise, our business could be harmed.
The failure to attract and retain additional qualified personnel or to maintain our happiness-centric company culture could harm our business and culture and prevent us from executing our business strategy.
To execute our business strategy, we must attract and retain highly qualified personnel. Competition for executives, software developers, sales personnel, and other key employees in our industry is intense. In particular, we compete with many other companies for software developers with high levels of experience in designing, developing, and managing software for communication and collaboration technologies, as well as for skilled sales and operations professionals. At times, we have experienced, and we may continue to experience, difficulty in hiring and retaining employees with appropriate qualifications, and we may not be able to fill positions in a timely manner or at all, which may be exacerbated by our recent restructuring actions and any similar future actions. In addition, our recruiting personnel, methodology, and approach may need to be altered to address a changing candidate pool and profile. We may not be able to identify or implement such changes in a timely manner. In addition, we have experienced and may continue to experience employee turnover as a result of our recent restructuring actions. New hires require training and take time before they achieve full productivity. New employees may not become as productive as we expect, and we may be unable to hire or retain sufficient numbers of qualified individuals. If we fail to attract new personnel or fail to retain and motivate our current personnel, our business could be harmed.
Many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have greater resources than we have, and some of these companies may offer more attractive compensation packages. Particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area, job candidates and existing employees carefully consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment. If the perceived value of our equity awards declines, or if the mix of equity and cash compensation that we offer is unattractive, it may adversely affect our ability to recruit and retain highly skilled employees. Job candidates may also be threatened with legal action under agreements with their existing employers if we attempt to hire them, which could impact hiring and result in a diversion of our time and resources. Additionally, laws and regulations, such as restrictive immigration laws, may limit our ability to recruit internationally. We must also continue to retain and motivate existing employees through our compensation practices, company culture, and career development opportunities. If we fail to attract new personnel or to retain our current personnel, our business would be harmed.
We believe that a critical component to our success and our ability to retain our best people is our culture. As we continue to grow, we may find it difficult to maintain our happiness-centric company culture. Transparency is also an important part of our culture, and one that we practice every day. As we continue to grow, maintaining this culture of transparency will present its own challenges that we will need to address, including the type of information and level of detail that we share with our employees.
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In addition, as our stock price has fluctuated since our initial public offering (“IPO”), employees joining us at different times could have significant disparities in proceeds from sales of our equity in the public markets, which could create disparities in wealth among our employees, which may harm our culture and relations among employees and our business. Further, the volatility of our stock price may make our equity compensation less attractive to current and potential employees, and could contribute to increased turnover or difficulties in hiring.
We have significant and expanding operations outside the United States, which may subject us to increased business, regulatory and economic risks that could harm our business.
Our platform addresses the communications and collaboration needs of users worldwide, and we see international expansion as a major opportunity. Our revenue from APAC and EMEA collectively represented 27.9%, 28.2%, and 28.7% of our revenue for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2026, 2025, and 2024, respectively. Our customers include multinational corporations with global users, and we expect to continue to expand our international operations, which includes opening offices in new jurisdictions and providing our platform in additional languages to support the needs of these multinational corporations. Any new markets or countries into which we attempt to allow users to access our services or sell subscriptions to our platform may not be receptive. If we are not able to satisfy certain government- and industry-specific requirements, we have in the past and may in the future experience service outages or other adverse consequences, including interference with our local operations or restrictions on our ability to continue our operations in certain jurisdictions, that would impair our ability to operate or expand further into certain markets. As an example, if local or national Chinese government agencies interfered with or placed restrictions on our research and development operations in China, our ability to design new products, features, and functionality on a timely basis or at all, or our ability to effectively deliver our services, would be adversely impacted as a significant portion of our research and development organization resides in China. In addition, our ability to manage our business and conduct our operations internationally in the future requires considerable management attention and resources and is subject to the particular challenges of supporting a rapidly growing business in an environment of multiple languages, cultures, customs, legal and regulatory systems, alternative dispute systems, and commercial markets. Future international expansion will require investment of significant funds and other resources. We also face risks related to recruiting and retaining talented and capable employees outside the United States, including complying with complex employment- and compensation-related laws, regulations, and practices in these international jurisdictions, and maintaining our company culture across all of our offices. We may also be unable to grant equity compensation to employees in certain countries outside of the United States due to the complexities of local laws and regulations. This may require us to offer equally compelling alternatives to supplement our compensation, such as long-term cash compensation plans or increased short-term cash compensation, in order to continue to attract and retain employees in these jurisdictions.
Operating internationally subjects us to new risks and increases risks that we currently face, including risks associated with:
• providing our platform and operating our business across a significant distance, in different languages and among different cultures, including the potential need to modify our platform and features to ensure that they are culturally appropriate and relevant in different countries;
• compliance with applicable international laws and regulations, including laws and regulations with respect to privacy, information security, telecommunications requirements, data protection, consumer protection, automatic renewals, and unsolicited email, and the risk of penalties to us and individual members of management or employees if our practices are deemed to be out of compliance;
• operating in foreign jurisdictions where the government may impede or interrupt our ability to provide our services or develop new products, features, and functionality;
• management of an employee base in jurisdictions that may not give us the same employment and retention flexibility as the United States;
• operating in jurisdictions that do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the United States and the practical enforcement of such intellectual property rights outside of the United States;
• foreign government interference with our intellectual property that resides outside of the United States, such as the risk of changes in foreign laws that could restrict our ability to use our intellectual property outside of the foreign jurisdiction in which we developed it;
• integration with partners outside of the United States;
• compliance by us and our business partners with anti-corruption laws, import and export control laws, tariffs, trade barriers, economic sanctions, and other regulatory limitations on our ability to provide our platform in certain international markets;
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• foreign exchange controls that might require significant lead time in setting up operations in certain geographic territories and might prevent us from repatriating cash earned outside the United States;
• political and economic instability and other political tensions between countries in which we do business;
• changes in diplomatic and trade relationships, including the continuing deterioration in diplomatic relations between the United States and China, or deterioration in diplomatic relations between the United States and countries with which the United States has traditionally enjoyed close ties and alliances, and ongoing military conflicts;
• generally longer payment cycles and greater difficulty in collecting accounts receivable, a risk that may increase as a result of recent macroeconomic conditions, such as high inflation, recessionary environments, recent bank failures and related uncertainties, and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, weighing on our customers' ability to pay for our service on a timely basis;
• double taxation of our international earnings and potentially adverse tax consequences due to changes in the income and other tax laws of the United States or the international jurisdictions in which we operate, including the imposition of digital services taxes; and
• higher costs of doing business internationally, including increased accounting, travel, infrastructure, and legal compliance costs.
As described above, following Russia’s military invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the United States, European Union, and other nations announced various sanctions against Russia and export restrictions against Russia and Belarus. Such restrictions include blocking sanctions on some of the largest state-owned and private Russian financial institutions, and their removal from the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication, or the SWIFT, payment system. The invasion of Ukraine and the retaliatory measures that have been taken, and could be taken in future, by the United States, NATO, and other countries have created global security concerns that could result in a regional conflict and otherwise have a lasting impact on regional and global economies, any or all of which could adversely affect our business, including preventing us from performing existing contracts, pursuing new business opportunities, or receiving payments for services already provided to customers.
Compliance with laws and regulations applicable to our global operations substantially increases our cost of doing business in international jurisdictions. We may be unable to keep current with changes in laws and regulations as they occur. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to support compliance with these laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that we will always maintain compliance or that all of our employees, contractors, partners, and agents will comply. In addition, legal requirements in the United States and other countries may come into conflict with each other making it challenging or impossible to comply with both countries’ legal requirements simultaneously. Any violations could result in enforcement actions, fines, civil and criminal penalties, damages, injunctions, or reputational harm. If we are unable to comply with these laws and regulations or manage the complexity of our global operations successfully, we may need to relocate or cease operations in certain foreign jurisdictions.
We are subject to various U.S. and international anti-corruption laws, and any failure to comply with such laws could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We are subject to various U.S. and international anti-corruption laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the “FCPA”), and the U.K. Bribery Act 2010, as well as other similar anti-bribery and anti-kickback laws and regulations. These laws and regulations generally prohibit companies and their employees and intermediaries, from directly or indirectly authorizing, offering, or providing improper payments or benefits to government officials and other recipients for improper purposes. The FCPA also requires public companies to make and keep books and records that accurately and fairly reflect the transactions of the corporation and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls. Although we take precautions to prevent violations of anti-corruption laws, our exposure for violating these laws increases as we continue to expand our international presence, and any failure to comply with such laws could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Geopolitical tension between the United States and China, or between other economies, such as Taiwan, and China, may intensify and lead to increased scrutiny of our business operations in China.
We have a significant number of employees, primarily engineers, in China, where personnel costs are less expensive than in many other geographies. The number or proportion of our employees in China has fluctuated in the past and may fluctuate in the future due to a number of factors, including macroeconomic changes and internal restructuring. Geopolitical and national security tensions between the United States and China, or between other countries and China, have in the past, currently do and could in the future lead to increased scrutiny of our business operations in China and a negative perception among current and potential customers regarding our collection, use, storage, disclosure, and processing of personal information, and our privacy policies, any of which may harm our reputation and business. Additionally, we may face certain adverse consequences, as a
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result of geopolitical and national security tensions between the United States and China, including interference with, or restrictions on, our local operations that would impair our ability to operate in China. As an example, if local or national Chinese government agencies interfered with or placed restrictions on our research and development operations in China, our ability to design new products, features, and functionality on a timely basis or at all, or our ability to effectively deliver our service, would be adversely impacted as a significant portion of our research and development organization resides in China.
In June and July 2020, we received subpoenas from the Department of Justice’s U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of New York (“EDNY”) and the Department of Justice’s U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of California (“NDCA”). The EDNY and NDCA subpoenas requested information about (among other things) our interactions with foreign governments and/or foreign political parties, including the Chinese government, as well as about storage of and access to user data, including the use of servers based overseas. In addition, the EDNY subpoena requested information about the actions we took responding to law enforcement requests from the Chinese government. The NDCA subpoena also requested documents and information about (among other things) contacts between our employees and representatives of the Chinese government, and any attempted or successful influence by any foreign government in our policies, procedures, practices, and actions as they relate to users in the United States. We are fully cooperating with these investigations and have conducted our own thorough internal investigation. These investigations are ongoing, and we do not know when they will be completed, which facts we will ultimately discover as a result of the investigations, or what actions the government may or may not take. We cannot predict the outcome of these investigations, and a negative outcome in any or all of these matters could cause us to incur substantial fines, penalties, or other financial exposure, as well as material reputational harm, a loss of customer and user confidence and business, additional expenses, and other harm to our business.
We recognize revenue from subscriptions to our platform over the terms of these subscriptions. Consequently, increases or decreases in new sales may not be immediately reflected in our results of operations and may be difficult to discern.
We recognize revenue from subscriptions to our platform over the terms of these subscriptions. As a result, a portion of the revenue we report in each quarter is derived from the recognition of deferred revenue relating to subscriptions entered into during previous quarters. Consequently, a decline in new or renewed subscriptions in any single quarter may have an immaterial impact on the revenue that we recognize for that quarter. However, such a decline will negatively affect our revenue in future quarters. Accordingly, the effect of significant downturns in sales and potential changes in our pricing policies or rate of customer expansion or retention may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods. In addition, a significant portion of our costs is expensed as incurred, while revenue is recognized over the term of the subscription. As a result, growth in the number of new customers and users could continue to result in our recognition of higher costs and lower revenue in the earlier periods of our subscriptions. Finally, our subscription-based revenue model also makes it difficult for us to rapidly increase our revenue through additional sales in any period, as revenue from new customers or from existing customers who increase their use of our platform or upgrade to a higher-priced plan must be recognized over the applicable subscription term.
Any failure to offer high-quality support for our customers and users may harm our relationships with our customers and users and, consequently, our business.
Increased user demand for support may result in increased costs that may harm our results of operations. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic we saw surging demand requiring us to allocate additional resources to support our expanded customer and user base, including many who were using our platform for the first time, placing additional pressure on our support organization. In addition, as we continue to support our global user base, we need to be able to continue to provide efficient support that meets our customers and users’ needs globally at scale. If we are unable to provide efficient user support globally at scale or if we need to hire additional support personnel, our business may be harmed. Our new customer sign-ups are highly dependent on our business reputation and on recommendations from our existing customers and users. Any failure to maintain high-quality support, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality support for our customers and users, would harm our business.
We utilize our network of resellers to sell our products and services, and our failure to effectively develop, manage, and maintain our indirect sales channels would harm our business.
Our future success depends on our continued ability to establish and maintain a network of channel relationships, and we expect that we will need to maintain and expand our network as we expand into international markets. A small portion of our revenue is derived from our network of sales agents and resellers, which we refer to collectively as resellers, many of which sell or may in the future decide to sell their own products and services or services from other communications solutions providers. Loss of or reduction in sales through these third parties could reduce our revenue. Our competitors may in some cases be effective in causing our resellers or potential resellers to favor their products and services or prevent or reduce sales of our products and services. Recruiting and retaining qualified resellers in our network and training them in our technology, product
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offerings and processes requires significant time and resources. For resellers in certain emerging markets, we may be unable to effectively oversee and quality-check certain processes, such as customer due diligence, which has and may continue to impact such resellers’ ability to implement robust customer verification protocols and mitigate fraud risk. If we decide to further develop and expand our indirect sales channels, we must continue to scale and improve our processes and procedures to support these channels, including investment in systems and training. Many resellers may not be willing to invest the time and resources required to train their staff to effectively sell our platform. If we fail to maintain relationships with our resellers, develop relationships with new resellers in new markets, expand the number of resellers in existing markets, or manage, train, or provide appropriate incentives to our existing resellers, our ability to increase the number of new customers and increase sales to existing customers could be adversely impacted, which would harm our business.
Our results of operations, which are reported in U.S. dollars, could be adversely affected if currency exchange rates fluctuate substantially in the future.
We sell to customers globally and have international operations primarily in Australia, China, and the U.K. As we continue to expand our international operations, we will become more exposed to the effects of fluctuations in currency exchange rates. Although the majority of our cash generated from revenue is denominated in U.S. dollars, a portion of our revenue is denominated in foreign currencies, and our expenses are generally denominated in the currencies of the jurisdictions in which we conduct our operations. For the fiscal years ended January 31, 2026, 2025, and 2024, 19.7%, 19.3%, and 19.3% of our revenue, respectively, and 21.7%, 16.4%, and 13.7% of our expenses, respectively, were denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars. Because we conduct business in currencies other than U.S. dollars but report our results of operations in U.S. dollars, we also face remeasurement exposure to fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which could hinder our ability to predict our future results and earnings and could materially impact our results of operations. For example, for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2026, our total revenue was lower than anticipated in part due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar. We do not currently maintain a program to hedge exposures to non-U.S. dollar currencies.
Our sales to government entities and other government contractors are subject to a number of additional challenges and risks.
We expect to continue selling our products and services to U.S. federal and state and foreign governmental agency customers, which may occur through sales to other companies that resell our services to government customers and/or through direct sales to government entities. While we are a U.S. Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program (“FedRAMP”) authorized SaaS service, selling to government entities and other government contractors presents a number of unique challenges and risks including the following:
• selling to governmental entities can be more competitive, expensive, and time-consuming than selling to private entities, often requiring significant up-front time and expense and ongoing compliance costs without any assurance that these efforts will generate a sale;
• contracts with governmental entities are subject to termination for the convenience of the customer;
• government certification requirements may change, or we may be unable to achieve or sustain one or more government certifications, including FedRAMP, which may restrict our ability to sell into the government sector until we have attained such certificates;
• contracts with governmental entities and other government contractors, including resellers in the government market, contain terms that are less favorable than what we generally agree to in our standard agreements, including, terms and conditions required by regulation that are not negotiable with the customer;
• non-compliance with terms and conditions of government contracts, or with representations or certifications made in connection with government contracts, can result in significantly more adverse consequences than we typically would expect in the commercial market, including, depending on the circumstances, criminal liability, liability under the civil False Claims Act, and/or suspension or debarment from doing business with governmental entities;
• as a U.S. government contractor, we may be subject to executive orders and regulatory changes affecting various aspects of our operations, including compliance with nondiscrimination plans, and any required elimination or modification of such plans in response to new executive orders could pose challenges in hiring or retaining employees and may lead to other adverse operational impacts, while failure to comply with these requirements could expose us to administrative, civil, or criminal liabilities, including fines, penalties, repayments or suspension or debarment from eligibility for future U.S. government contracts; and
• government demand and payment for our products may be influenced, among other things, by public sector budgetary cycles and funding authorizations, with funding reductions or delays having an adverse impact on public sector demand for our products.
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