10-Q – 2026-02-04 – lite-20251227.htm

Granted —   —   1.0   125.9   0.2   120.9  
Vested/Exercised ( 0.3 ) 7.9   ( 1.0 ) 61.1   ( 0.9 ) 57.1  
Canceled/Forfeited —   —   ( 0.1 ) 64.9   ( 0.1 ) 85.9  
Balance as of December 27, 2025 0.3   $ 8.1   2.5   $ 86.2   0.8   $ 82.0  

A summary of awards available for grant is as follows (in millions) :

Awards Available for Grant
Balance as of June 28, 2025 2.6  

Authorized 3.2  
Removed ( 1.4 )
Granted ( 1.2 )
Canceled/Forfeited 0.2  
Balance as of December 27, 2025 3.4  

Employee Stock Purchase Plan Activity
The ESPP expense for the three and six months ended December 27, 2025 was $ 1.2  million and $ 2.8  million, respectively. The expense related to the ESPP is recorded on a straight-line basis over the relevant subscription period.
During the three and six months ended December 28, 2024, there were $ 1.0  million and $ 2.2  million shares issued to employees through the ESPP respectively.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)

Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies
Purchase Obligations
Our purchase obligations of $ 1,086.0  million a s of December 27, 2025 represent legally binding commitments to purchase inventory and other commitments made in the normal course of business to meet operational requirements. Although open purchase orders are considered enforceable and legally binding, the terms generally allow the option to cancel, reschedule and adjust the requirements based on our business needs prior to the delivery of goods or performance of services. Obligations to purchase inventory and other commitments are generally expected to be fulfilled within one year .
We depend on a limited number of contract manufacturers, subcontractors and suppliers for raw materials, packages and standard components. We generally purchase these single or limited source products through standard purchase orders or one-year supply agreements and have no significant long-term guaranteed supply agreements with these vendors. While we seek to maintain a sufficient safety stock of such products and maintain on-going communications with our suppliers to guard against interruptions or cessation of supply, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected by a stoppage or delay of supply, substitution of more expensive or less reliable products, receipt of defective parts or contaminated materials, increases in the price of such supplies, or our inability to obtain reduced pricing from our suppliers in response to competitive pressures. In addition, the imposition of tariffs on certain imported goods and materials may increase our costs and place upward pressure on the cost of sales.
Product Warranties
We provide reserves for the estimated costs of product warranties at the time revenue is recognized. We typically offer a twelve-month warranty for most of our products. However, in some instances depending upon the product, product components or application of our products by the end customer, our warranties can vary and generally range from six months to five years . We estimate the costs of our warranty obligations on an annualized basis based on our historical experience of known product failure rates, use of materials to repair or replace defective products, and service delivery costs incurred in correcting product failures. In addition, from time-to-time, specific warranty accruals may be made if unforeseen technical problems arise with specific products. We assess the adequacy of our recorded warranty liabilities and adjust the amounts as necessary.
The following table presents the changes in our warranty reserve for the periods presented ( in millions ):

Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
December 27, 2025 December 28, 2024 December 27, 2025 December 28, 2024
Balance as of beginning of period $ 13.1   $ 13.2   $ 14.4   $ 13.2  

Measurement period adjustment —   —   —   0.8  
Provision for warranty (1)
13.5   2.0   16.3   4.4  
Utilization of reserve, net ( 3.9 ) ( 2.4 ) ( 8.0 ) ( 5.6 )
Balance as of end of period $ 22.7   $ 12.8   $ 22.7   $ 12.8  

(1) During the three and six months ended December 27, 2025, we recorded $ 9.8  million of warranty expense associated with Cloud Light’s legacy products in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Environmental Liabilities
Our research and development, manufacturing and distribution operations involve the use of hazardous substances and are regulated under international, federal, state and local laws governing health and safety and the environment. We apply strict standards for protection of the environment and occupational health and safety to sites inside and outside the United States, even if not subject to regulations imposed by foreign governments. We believe that our properties and operations at our facilities comply in all material respects with applicable environmental laws and occupational health and safety laws. However, the risk of environmental liabilities cannot be completely eliminated and there can be no assurance that the application of environmental and health and safety laws will not require us to incur significant expenditures. We are also regulated under a number of international, federal, state and local laws regarding recycling, product packaging and product content requirements. The environmental and product content/disposal and recycling laws are gradually becoming more stringent and may cause us to incur significant expenditures in the future.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)

Legal Proceedings
We are subject to a variety of claims and suits that arise from time-to-time in the ordinary course of our business. While management currently believes that resolving claims against us, individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations or statements of cash flows, these matters are subject to inherent uncertainties and management’s view of these matters may change in the future. We accrue for loss contingencies when it is both probable that we will incur the loss and when we can reasonably estimate the amount of the loss or range of loss. As of December 27, 2025, the accrual for expected settlement of litigation matters was not material.
Regulatory Matters
In August 2024, the Company received inquiries from the Bureau of Industry and Security of the U.S. Department of Commerce (“BIS”) and Department of Justice (“DOJ”) following the Company’s voluntary disclosure to BIS in December 2023, and supplemented in April 2024. The Company continues to cooperate with both agencies on this matter. The Company is unable to predict the likely outcome of these matters.
Indemnifications
In the normal course of business, we enter into agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and provide for general indemnification. Exposure under these agreements is unknown, because claims may be made against us in the future, and we may record charges in the future as a result of these indemnification obligations.
On March 5, 2025, we completed a sale of net assets located in an entity in Shenzhen, China. The Company has reclassified a $ 21.4  million unrecognized tax position to other non-current liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of June 28, 2025 for an indemnification liability related to the sale of certain assets. This does not impact our results of operations for the year ended June 28, 2025. We did not have any other material indemnification claims that were probable or reasonably possible.

Audit Proceedings
We are under audit by various domestic and foreign tax authorities with regards to income tax and indirect tax matters. In some, although not all cases, we have reserved for potential adjustments to our provision for income taxes and accrual of indirect taxes that may result from examinations by these tax authorities or final outcomes in judicial proceedings, and we believe that the final outcome of these examinations, agreements or judicial proceedings will not have a material effect on our results of operations. If events occur which indicate payment of these amounts is unnecessary, the reversal of the liabilities would result in the recognition of benefits in the period when we determine the liabilities are no longer necessary. If our estimates of the federal, state, and foreign income tax liabilities and indirect tax liabilities are less than the ultimate assessment, it could result in a further charge to expense.

Note 15. Operating Segments and Geographic Information
Prior to fiscal year 2026, we operated in two reportable segments consisting of Cloud & Networking and Industrial Tech. During the first quarter of fiscal year 2026, we implemented a re-organization, and we are now managed as a single, integrated enterprise, with a unified management team overseeing operations across the entire company, rather than through discrete operating segments. The chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, who reviews financial information presented as a single enterprise for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance.
The CODM assesses the performance of the single segment and allocates resources based on consolidated net income (loss) included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations. The CODM uses consolidated net income (loss) to set budgets, evaluate performance, review actual results and in deciding whether to reinvest profits into our business, pursue acquisitions, or make any other capital management decisions. The significant segment expenses are reflected in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. The measure of the single segment assets is the consolidated assets included in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Accordingly, following the reorganization, we determined we operate in a single reporting segment. Comparative prior period segment information has been updated to reflect the new segment structure and measures. The changes in our operating segments had no impact on our previously reported consolidated results of operations, financial position or cash flows.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)

We disaggregate revenue by type of product, which are Components and Systems, and by geography. A Components product is defined as one of the individual building blocks that goes into creating a larger solution. It is typically not a complete product on its own but rather a specialized element that enables system functionality. This includes semiconductor laser chips, laser sub-assemblies, line subsystems and wavelength management systems. These are supplied to customers who then integrate them into their own full system solutions. Components represent foundational parts that support or enable that system’s operation and include a comprehensive portfolio of optical and photonic chips, components, laser light sources that are integrated into smartphones, subsystems supplied to cloud data center operators, AI/ML infrastructure providers, and network equipment manufacturer customers who are building cloud data center and network infrastructures.
A Systems product is defined as a complete, stand-alone product that delivers full functionality to the end customer. It is typically self-contained and ready to operate within a customer’s network or application environment. This includes optical modules, optical circuit switches, and industrial lasers such as short-pulse solid-state lasers and kilowatt-class fiber lasers. These products integrate multiple technologies and subsystems into a finished solution that directly addresses a customer’s needs. A system represents the end-product that can be deployed and used independently.
Our products enable high-capacity optical links for cloud computing, AI/ML workloads, and data center interconnect (“DCI”) applications, as well as for communications service provider networks. Our offerings support access (local), metro (intracity), long-haul (intercity and global), and submarine (undersea) network infrastructure. Our products serve enterprise network infrastructure needs, including storage area networks (“SANs”), local area networks (“LANs”), and wide area networks (“WANs”). Demand for our products is fueled by the ongoing expansion of network capacity required to support cloud services, AI/ML processing, streaming video, video conferencing, wireless and mobile connectivity, and the internet of things (“IoT”). In addition, our industrial laser products are used for precision material processing across diverse industries, including semiconductor and microelectronics fabrication, electric vehicle and battery production, metal cutting and welding, and advanced manufacturing that emphasize greater manufacturing precision, flexibility, and sustainability.
Refer to “Note 16. Revenue Recognition” for a presentation of disaggregated revenue by type of product.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)

Concentrations
We operate in three geographic regions: Americas, Asia-Pacific, and EMEA (Europe, Middle East, and Africa). Net revenue is assigned to the geographic region and country where our product is initially shipped. For example, certain customers may request shipment of our product to a contract manufacturer in one country, which may differ from the location of their end customers.
The following table presents net revenue by the three geographic regions we operate in and net revenue from countries that generally represented 10% or more of our total net revenue based on customer shipping locations (in millions, except percentage data):

  Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
  December 27, 2025 December 28, 2024 December 27, 2025 December 28, 2024
Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Amount % of Total
Net revenue:
Americas:
United States $ 144.7   21.7   % $ 77.6   19.3   % $ 238.4   19.9   % $ 143.0   19.3   %
Mexico 102.6   15.4   37.4   9.3   176.2   14.7   71.3   9.6  
Other Americas 2.0   0.3   4.2   1.0   10.6   0.9   7.1   1.0  
Total Americas $ 249.3   37.4   % $ 119.2   29.6   % $ 425.2   35.5   % $ 221.4   29.9   %

Asia-Pacific:
Hong Kong $ 118.9   17.9   % $ 100.5   25.0   % $ 211.8   17.7   % $ 189.2   25.6   %
Thailand 123.0   18.5   74.7   18.6   232.1   19.3   127.2   17.2  
China 54.6   8.2   18.1   4.5   103.9   8.7   32.7   4.4  
Japan 23.8   3.6   18.4   4.5   44.8   3.7   35.3   4.8  

Other Asia-Pacific 55.8   8.4   30.5   7.6   105.2   8.7   61.9   8.4  
Total Asia-Pacific $ 376.1   56.6   % $ 242.2   60.2   % $ 697.8   58.1   % $ 446.3   60.4   %

EMEA $ 40.1   6.0   % $ 40.8   10.2   % $ 76.3   6.4   % $ 71.4   9.7   %

Total net revenue $ 665.5   100.0  % $ 402.2   100.0  % $ 1,199.3   100.0  % $ 739.1   100.0  %

During the three months ended December 27, 2025, two customers individually accounted for 24 % and 17 % of our total revenue, respectively. During the six months ended December 27, 2025, two customers individually accounted for 23 % and 19 % of our total net revenue, respectively. We had no other customers that represented 10% or greater of our total net revenue.
During the three months ended December 28, 2024, three customers individually accounted for 16 %, 14 %, and 11 % of our total revenue, respectively. During the six months ended December 28, 2024, three customers individually accounted for 15 %, 13 %, and 10 % of our total net revenue, respectively. We had no other customers that represented 10% or greater of our total net revenue.
As of December 27, 2025, two customers individually accounted for 20 % and 12 % of gross accounts receivable, respectively. As of June 28, 2025, two customers individually accounted for 13 % and 11 % of gross accounts receivable, respectively. We had no other customers that represented 10% or greater of our gross accounts receivable.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)

The measure of segment assets is reported on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as total assets. We do not present assets at a level other than that presented in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. Long-lived assets, namely property, plant and equipment, net, were identified based on the physical location of the assets in the corresponding geographic areas as of the periods indicated (in millions) :

December 27, 2025 June 28, 2025
Property, plant and equipment, net
United States
$ 80.1   $ 123.0  
Thailand
266.0   218.6  
Japan 182.9   144.3  
United Kingdom 121.9   109.4  
China 111.4   76.8  
Other countries
51.2   54.3  
Total property, plant and equipment, net $ 813.5   $ 726.4  

We purchase a portion of our inventory from contract manufacturers that are located primarily in Thailand, Taiwan, and Malaysia. During the three and six months ended December 27, 2025, our net inventory purchases from a single contract manufacturer that represented 10% or greater of our total net inventory purchases were concentrated with one contract manufacturer, who accounted for 19 % and 20 % of the total net inventory purchases, respectively. During the three and six months ended December 28, 2024, our net inventory purchases from a single contract manufacturer that represented 10% or greater of our total net inventory purchases were concentrated with one contract manufacturer, who accounted for 27 % and 27 % of the total net inventory purchases, respectively.

Note 16. Revenue Recognition
Disaggregation of Revenue
We disaggregate revenue by type of products and by geography. We do not present other levels of disaggregation, such as by customer, markets, contracts, duration of contracts, timing of transfer of control and sales channels, as this information is not used by our CODM to manage the business.
The table below discloses our total net revenue by type of product ( in millions, except percentage data ):

  Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
  December 27, 2025 December 28, 2024 December 27, 2025 December 28, 2024
Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Amount % of Total

Components 443.7   66.7   % 263.7   65.6   % 822.9   68.6   % $ 495.1   67.0   %
Systems 221.8   33.3   % 138.5   34.4   % 376.4   31.4   % 244.0   33.0   %
Net revenue $ 665.5   100.0  % $ 402.2   100.0  % $ 1,199.3   100.0  % $ 739.1   100.0  %

Refer to “Note 15. Operating Segments and Geographic Information” for a presentation of disaggregated revenue by geography.
Contract Balances
We record accounts receivable when we have an unconditional right to consideration. Contract liabilities are recorded when cash payments are received or due in advance of performance. Contract liabilities consist of advance payments and deferred revenue, where we have unsatisfied performance obligations. Contract liabilities are classified as deferred revenue and customer deposits and are included in other current and non-current liabilities within our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Payment terms vary by customer. The time between invoicing and when payment is due is not significant.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Unaudited)

The following table reflects the changes in contract balances for the periods presented ( in millions, except percentages ):

Contract balances Balance sheet location December 27, 2025 June 28, 2025 Change Percentage Change
Accounts receivable, net Accounts receivable, net $ 376.8   $ 250.0   $ 126.8   50.7   %
Deferred revenue and customer deposits Other current liabilities
$ 2.1   $ 0.7   $ 1.4   200.0   %
Deferred revenue and customer deposits Other non-current liabilities
$ 1.5   $ —   $ 1.5   n/a

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
You should read the following discussion in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the corresponding notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Quarterly Report”). This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains forward-looking statements. The matters discussed in these forward-looking statements are subject to risk, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those made, projected or implied in the forward-looking statements. Please see “Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these statements.
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Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These statements relate to, among other things, our markets and industry, products and strategy, the impact of export regulation changes, the expected benefits of our acquisitions, macroeconomic conditions, including supply chain conditions and inventory management by our customers, instability and uncertainty in the banking and financial services markets, and tightening credit markets on our business and results of operations, sales, gross margins, operating expenses, capital expenditures and requirements, liquidity, product development and research and development efforts, manufacturing plans, litigation, effective tax rates and tax reserves, our corporate and financial reporting structure, our plans for growth and innovation, our expectations regarding U.S.-China relations, market and regulatory conditions, trends and uncertainties in our business and financial results, and are often identified by the use of words such as, but not limited to, “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” “contemplate,” “predict,” “potential” and similar expressions or variations intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of our management, which are in turn based on information currently available to management. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” included under Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.
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Overview
We are an industry-leading provider of optical and photonic products defined by revenue and market share. Our products are essential to a range of cloud, artificial intelligence and machine learning (“AI/ML”), telecommunications, consumer, and industrial end-market applications.
We believe the global markets in which Lumentum participates have fundamentally robust, long-term trends that will increase the need for our photonics products and technologies. We believe the world is becoming more reliant on ever-increasing amounts of data flowing through optical networks and data centers. Lumentum’s products and technology enable the scaling of these optical networks and data centers to higher capacities. AI/ML has caused a dramatic surge in the growing demands on data networking in cloud data centers and accelerated the usage of optical components and modules. We expect that the accelerating shift to digital and virtual approaches to many aspects of work and life will continue into the future. Virtual meetings, video calls, and hybrid in-person and virtual environments for work and other aspects of life will continue to drive strong needs for bandwidth growth and present dynamic new challenges that our technologies address. As manufacturers demand higher levels of precision, new materials, and factory and energy efficiency, suppliers of manufacturing tools globally are turning to laser-based approaches, including the types of lasers Lumentum supplies. Laser-based 3D sensing and LiDAR for security, industrial and automotive applications are rapidly developing markets. The technology enables computer vision applications that enhance security, safety, and new functionality in the electronic devices that people rely on every day. The use of LiDAR and in-cabin 3D sensing in automobile and delivery vehicles will over time significantly add to our long-term market opportunity.
To maintain and grow our market and technology leadership positions, we are continually investing in new and differentiated products and technologie s and customer programs that address both nearer-term and longer-term growth opportunities, both organically and through acquisitions, as well as continually improving and optimizing our operations. Over many years, we have developed close relationships with market leading customers. We seek to use our core optical and photonic technology and our volume manufacturing capability to expand into attractive emerging markets that benefit from advantages that optical or photonics-based solutions provide.
We disaggregate revenue by type of product, which are Components and Systems, and by geography. A Components product is defined as one of the individual building blocks that goes into creating a larger solution. It is typically not a complete product on its own but rather a specialized element that enables system functionality. This includes semiconductor laser chips, laser sub-assemblies, line subsystems and wavelength management systems. These are supplied to customers who then integrate them into their own full system solutions. Components represent foundational parts that support or enable that system’s operation and include a comprehensive portfolio of optical and photonic chips, components, laser light sources that are integrated into smartphones, subsystems supplied to cloud data center operators, AI/ML infrastructure providers, and network equipment manufacturer customers who are building cloud data center and network infrastructures.
A Systems product is defined as a complete, stand-alone product that delivers full functionality to the end customer. It is typically self-contained and ready to operate within a customer’s network or application environment. This includes optical modules, optical circuit switches, and industrial lasers such as short-pulse solid-state lasers and kilowatt-class fiber lasers. These products integrate multiple technologies and subsystems into a finished solution that directly addresses a customer’s needs. A system represents the end-product that can be deployed and used independently.
Our products enable high-capacity optical links for cloud computing, AI/ML workloads, and data center interconnect (“DCI”) applications, as well as for communications service provider networks. Our offerings support access (local), metro (intracity), long-haul (intercity and global), and submarine (undersea) network infrastructure. Our products serve enterprise network infrastructure needs, including storage area networks (“SANs”), local area networks (“LANs”), and wide area networks (“WANs”). Demand for our products is fueled by the ongoing expansion of network capacity required to support cloud services, AI/ML processing, streaming video, video conferencing, wireless and mobile connectivity, and the internet of things (“IoT”). In addition, our industrial laser products are used for precision material processing across diverse industries, including semiconductor and microelectronics fabrication, electric vehicle and battery production, metal cutting and welding, and advanced manufacturing that emphasize greater manufacturing precision, flexibility, and sustainability.
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Operating Segment Information
Prior to fiscal year 2026, we operated in two reportable segments consisting of Cloud & Networking and Industrial Tech. During the first quarter of fiscal year 2026, we implemented a re-organization, and we are now managed as a single, integrated enterprise, with a unified management team overseeing operations across the entire company, rather than through discrete operating segments. The chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, who reviews financial information presented as a single enterprise for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance.
The CODM assesses the performance of the single segment and allocates resources based on consolidated net income (loss) included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations. The CODM uses consolidated net income (loss) to set budgets, evaluate performance, review actual results and in deciding whether to reinvest profits into our business, pursue acquisitions, or make any other capital management decisions. The significant segment expenses are reflected in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. The measure of the single segment assets is the consolidated assets included in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Accordingly, following the reorganization, we determined we operate in a single reporting segment. Comparative prior period segment information has been updated to reflect the new segment structure and measures. The changes in our operating segments had no impact on our previously reported consolidated results of operations, financial position or cash flows.
Industry Conditions
Through fiscal year 2024, we experienced significant fluctuations in demand as customers delayed projected shipments or built up inventory in response to supply shortages and then brought down inventories as supply chain constraints eased. Our revenue fluctuated in response to these changes in demand and our margins were adversely impacted as we were not able to fully recover costs, such as underutilized manufacturing capacity. However, beginning in the first quarter of fiscal year 2025, network equipment manufacturers normalized inventory levels and we have seen increasing demand from AI and cloud customers as they continue to expand their data centers. In fiscal year 2026, we have continued to experience increasing demand, driven in part by the continued advances in cloud and AI infrastructure. This demand is outpacing our current supply which has led to decisions on supply allocation. We are investing in manufacturing capacity, both internally and with contract manufacturers, to meet demand.
Our supply chain is complex, and we need to manage supply of certain components required to build our products while confronted with fluctuating demand from our customers. From time to time, we experience logistics and supply chain issues and shortages of the types of components we and our customers require in our products, and we have had to incur incremental supply and procurement costs in order to increase our ability to fulfill demands from our customers.
Due to worldwide operations, we and our customers are also subject to risks relating to the global trade environment. The Company is actively monitoring and assessing the global trade environment, particularly with respect to recent changes and proposed changes in tariff regulations and trade restrictions. The ongoing uncertainty surrounding trading policies, including the potential for additional tariffs, restrictions related to our customers and retaliatory measures by non-U.S. governments, continues to create a volatile environment that could disrupt our operations. The imposition of tariffs on certain imported goods and materials and export controls on critical components may increase our costs and place upward pressure on the cost of goods sold, which, in turn, may reduce our gross margins if we are unable to pass these costs on to customers through price increases or have them pay for the tariffs directly.
If these tariff-related and restriction-related cost increases persist or escalate, our financial results could be adversely affected, including lower profitability. Additionally, changes in the global trade landscape could result in reduced market competitiveness and a slowdown in consumer demand as well as disruptions to our supply chain, including longer lead times, higher shipping costs, or limited availability of key inputs. This may constrain our ability to meet customer demand in a timely manner, potentially affecting our revenue growth and operational efficiency. The impact of tariffs on our business is hard to predict, as it is dependent on negotiations with customers and suppliers and other mitigation efforts and potential further changes in global trade policies, including higher tariffs or trade restrictions in the U.S. or other countries.
For more information on risks associated with supply chain constraints and customer inventory management, see the section titled “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part II of this report.
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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) as set forth in the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”). We also consider the various staff accounting bulletins and other applicable guidance issued by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). GAAP, as set forth within the ASC, requires us to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions. We believe that the estimates, judgments and assumptions upon which we rely are reasonable based upon information available to us at the time that these estimates, judgments and assumptions are made. These estimates, judgments and assumptions can affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. To the extent there are differences between these estimates, judgments or assumptions and actual results, our financial statements will be affected. The accounting policies that reflect our more significant estimates, judgments and assumptions and which we believe are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results include the following:
• Inventory Valuation
• Revenue Recognition
• Income Taxes
• Business Combinations
• Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Impairment Assessment
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contained in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for our fiscal year ended June 28, 2025 provides a complete discussion of our critical accounting policies and estimates. There have been no changes to these policies during the three and six months ended December 27, 2025, except as noted below:
Income Taxes
In accordance with the authoritative guidance on accounting for income taxes, we recognize income taxes using an asset and liability approach. This approach requires the recognition of taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred tax liabilities and assets for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our consolidated financial statements or tax returns. The measurement of current and deferred taxes is based on provisions of the enacted tax law, and the effects of future changes in tax laws or rates are not anticipated.
The authoritative guidance provides for recognition of deferred tax assets if the realization of such deferred tax assets is more likely than not to occur based on an evaluation of both positive and negative evidence and the relative weight of the evidence. We consider future growth, forecasted earnings, future taxable income, the mix of earnings in the jurisdictions in which we operate, historical earnings, taxable income in prior years, if carry-back is permitted under the law, and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in determining the need for a valuation allowance.
In the event we determine that we would not be able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax assets in the future, an adjustment to the deferred tax assets valuation allowance would be charged to earnings in the period in which we make such a determination, or goodwill would be adjusted at our final determination of the valuation allowance related to an acquisition within the measurement period. Conversely, if we later determine that it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the net deferred tax assets will be realized, we would reverse the applicable portion of the previously established valuation allowance. A release of valuation allowance decreases income tax expense in the period of release, increases net income, and reduces our effective tax rate. Such releases may be material to our financial statements depending on the size of the deferred tax assets involved.
In the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2025, we released $153.1 million of valuation allowances on our UK deferred tax assets after we considered all available positive and negative evidence related to our UK subsidiary. We analyzed the UK subsidiary’s historical operating results, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and reversals of deferred tax liabilities, and determined that the weight of available objectively verifiable positive evidence supported the realizability of the UK deferred tax assets. In weighing the available evidence, more weight was placed upon our forecasts of future taxable income than on the history of pre-tax losses as such losses were generated under our prior UK business operating model which will no longer be in effect beginning with fiscal year 2026, and the guarantee of a positive operating margin as we effectuated an internal restructuring at the end of fiscal year 2025. Further, the most significant deferred tax asset in the UK is the net operating loss carryforward. Under UK tax law, net operating losses may be carried forward indefinitely, and we have considered the indefinite carryforward period to be positive evidence.
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We are subject to income tax audits by the respective tax authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate. The determination of our income tax liabilities in each of these jurisdictions requires the interpretation and application of complex, and sometimes uncertain, tax laws and regulations. The authoritative guidance on accounting for income taxes prescribes both recognition and measurement criteria that must be met for the benefit of a tax position to be recognized in the financial statements. If a tax position taken, or expected to be taken, in a tax return does not meet such recognition or measurement criteria, an unrecognized tax benefit liability is recorded. If we ultimately determine that an unrecognized tax benefit liability is no longer necessary, we reverse the liability and recognize a tax benefit in the period in which it is determined that the unrecognized tax benefit liability is no longer necessary.
Our income tax provision is highly dependent on the geographic distribution of our worldwide earnings or losses, tax laws and regulations in various jurisdictions, tax incentives, the availability of tax credits and loss carryforwards, and the effectiveness of our tax planning strategies. The application of tax laws and regulations is subject to legal and factual interpretation, judgment and uncertainty. Tax laws themselves are subject to change as a result of changes in fiscal policy, changes in legislation, and the evolution of regulations and court rulings and tax audits.
The recognition and measurement of current taxes payable or refundable and deferred tax assets and liabilities requires that we make certain estimates and judgments. Changes to these estimates, including changes in judgment regarding the realizability of deferred tax assets and the need for or release of valuation allowances, may have a material impact on our tax provision, net income, and effective tax rate in a future period.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Refer to “Note 2. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements” in the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

Results of Operations
The results of operations for the periods presented are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for future periods. The following table summarizes selected unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations items as a percentage of net revenue:

Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
December 27, 2025 December 28, 2024 December 27, 2025 December 28, 2024
Net revenue by type of products:
Components 66.7  % 65.6  % 68.6  % 67.0  %
Systems 33.3  34.4  31.4  33.0 
Net revenue 100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0 
Cost of sales 61.0  69.9  61.5  70.0 
Amortization of acquired developed intangibles 2.9  5.3  3.3  6.0 
Gross profit 36.1  24.8  35.2  24.0 
Operating expenses:
Research and development 12.0  18.4  13.5  20.1 
Selling, general and administrative 14.4  19.0  15.1  20.6 
Restructuring and related charges —  0.2  0.7  1.4 

Total operating expenses 26.4  37.6  29.3  42.1 
Income (loss) from operations 9.7  (12.8) 5.9  (18.1)
Escrow settlement 4.1  —  2.3  — 
Interest expense (0.9) (1.4) (1.0) (1.5)
Other income, net 1.6  3.7  1.3  3.2 
Income (loss) before income taxes 14.5  (10.5) 8.5  (16.4)
Income tax provision 2.7  4.6  1.6  3.0 
Net income (loss) 11.8  % (15.1) % 6.9  % (19.4) %

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Financial data for the three months ended December 27, 2025
The following table summarizes selected unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations items for the periods presented ( in millions, except for percentages ):

Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
December 27, 2025 December 28, 2024 Change Percentage Change December 27, 2025 December 28, 2024 Change Percentage Change
Net revenue by type of products:
Components $ 443.7  $ 263.7  $ 180.0  68.3  % $ 822.9  $ 495.1  $ 327.8  66.2  %
System 221.8  138.5  83.3  60.1  % 376.4  244.0  132.4  54.3  %
Net revenue $ 665.5  $ 402.2  $ 263.3  65.5  % $ 1,199.3  $ 739.1  $ 460.2  62.3  %

Gross profit $ 240.1  $ 99.6  $ 140.5  141.1  % $ 421.6  $ 177.5  $ 244.1  137.5  %
Gross margin 36.1  % 24.8  % 35.2  % 24.0  %

Research and development $ 80.1  $ 74.2  $ 5.9  8.0  % $ 161.5  $ 148.5  $ 13.0  8.8  %
Percentage of net revenue 12.0  % 18.4  % 13.5  % 20.1  %

Selling, general and administrative $ 96.1  $ 76.3  $ 19.8  26.0  % $ 181.2  $ 152.6  $ 28.6  18.7  %
Percentage of net revenue 14.4  % 19.0  % 15.1  % 20.6  %

Restructuring and related charges (reversals) $ (0.4) $ 0.7  $ (1.1) (157.1) % $ 7.9  $ 10.4  $ (2.5) (24.0) %
Percentage of net revenue —  % 0.2  % 0.7  % 1.4  %

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Net Revenue
Net revenue increased by $263.3 million, or 65.5%, during the three months ended December 27, 2025 compared to the three months ended December 28, 2024, driven by a $180.0 million increase in Components products and an $83.3 million increase in Systems products. Approximately three-quarters of the increase in Components products relates to our ramp of laser chip and laser assembly product shipments to support strong, broad-based demand across intra-data center, data center interconnect, and long-haul applications. Additionally, a slight increase in average selling prices of laser chip products contributed to the increase in Components revenue driven primarily by a shift to 200G lane speeds. The remaining approximately one-quarter of Components revenue growth was due to an increase in shipment volume of data transport products, encompassing line subsystems solutions for long-haul terrestrial networks and charge pump products used in sub-sea network installations.
Nearly all of the increase in our Systems products was driven by our cloud transceiver product lines due to an increase in shipment volume, which was partially offset by lower pricing across multiple transceiver lines. We also continued the initial phase of optical circuit switch shipments, which contributed more than $10.0 million in revenue during the three months ended December 27, 2025, and we remain on track for manufacturing expansion over the coming quarters to support future growth.
Net revenue increased by $460.2 million, or 62.3%, during the six months ended December 27, 2025 compared to the six months ended December 28, 2024, driven by a $327.8 million increase in Components products and a $132.4 million increase in Systems products. Approximately three-quarters of the increase in Components products relates to our ramp of laser chip and laser assembly product shipments to support strong, broad-based demand across intra-data center, data center interconnect, and long-haul applications. Additionally, a slight increase in average selling prices of laser chip products contributed to the increase in Components revenue driven primarily by a shift to 200G lane speeds. The remaining approximately one-quarter of Components revenue growth was due to an increase in shipment volume of data transport products, encompassing line subsystems solutions for long-haul terrestrial networks and charge pump products used in sub-sea network installations.
Nearly all of the increase in our System products was driven by our cloud transceiver product lines due to an increase in shipment volume, which was partially offset by lower pricing across multiple transceiver lines. We also continued the initial phase of optical circuit switch shipments, which contributed more than $10.0 million of revenue during the six months ended December 27, 2025, and we remain on track for manufacturing expansion over the coming quarters to support future growth.
During the three months ended December 27, 2025, two customers individually accounted for 24% and 17% of our total revenue, respectively. During the six months ended December 27, 2025, two customers individually accounted for 23% and 19% of our total net revenue, respectively. We had no other customers that represented 10% or greater of our total net revenue.
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Revenue by Region
We operate in three geographic regions: Americas, Asia-Pacific, and EMEA (Europe, Middle East, and Africa). Net revenue is assigned to the geographic region and country where our product is initially shipped. For example, certain customers may request shipment of our product to a contract manufacturer in one country, which may differ from the location of their end customers.
The following table presents net revenue by the three geographic regions we operate in and net revenue from countries that generally represented 10% or more of our total net revenue based on customer shipping locations (in millions, except percentage data):

  Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
  December 27, 2025 December 28, 2024 December 27, 2025 December 28, 2024
Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Amount % of Total
Net revenue:
Americas:
United States $ 144.7  21.7  % $ 77.6  19.3  % $ 238.4  19.9  % $ 143.0  19.3  %
Mexico 102.6  15.4  37.4  9.3  176.2  14.7  71.3  9.6 
Other Americas 2.0  0.3  4.2  1.0  10.6  0.9  7.1  1.0 
Total Americas $ 249.3  37.4  % $ 119.2  29.6  % $ 425.2  35.5  % $ 221.4  29.9  %

Asia-Pacific:
Hong Kong $ 118.9  17.9  % $ 100.5  25.0  % $ 211.8  17.7  % $ 189.2  25.6  %
Thailand 123.0  18.5  74.7  18.6  232.1  19.3  127.2  17.2 
China 54.6  8.2  18.1  4.5  103.9  8.7  32.7  4.4 
Japan 23.8  3.6  18.4  4.5  44.8  3.7  35.3  4.8 

Other Asia-Pacific 55.8  8.4  30.5  7.6  105.2  8.7  61.9  8.4 
Total Asia-Pacific $ 376.1  56.6  % $ 242.2  60.2  % $ 697.8  58.1  % $ 446.3  60.4  %

EMEA $ 40.1  6.0  % $ 40.8  10.2  % $ 76.3  6.4  % $ 71.4  9.7  %

Total net revenue $ 665.5  100.0  % $ 402.2  100.0  % $ 1,199.3  100.0  % $ 739.1  100.0  %

For the three and six months ended December 27, 2025, net revenue from customers outside the United States, based on customer shipping locations, represented 78.3% and 80.1% of net revenue, respectively.
Our net revenue is primarily denominated in U.S. dollars, including our net revenue from customers outside the United States as presented above. We expect revenue from customers outside of the United States to continue to be an important part of our overall net revenue and an increasing focus for net revenue growth opportunities. However, regulatory and enforcement actions by the United States and other governmental agencies, as well as changes in tax and trade policies and tariffs, have impacted and may continue to negatively impact net revenue from customers outside the United States.

Gross Margin
Gross margin for the three months ended December 27, 2025 increased to 36.1% from 24.8% for the three months ended December 28, 2024, primarily driven by the positive impact of higher revenue from our laser chip, laser assembly, and data transport products. Approximately 60% of the gross margin increase was driven by lower manufacturing costs as a percentage of revenue, primarily due to higher internal factory utilization, partially offset by an increase in warranty expense associated with Cloud Light legacy products. Additionally, 20% of the gross margin increase was driven by higher average selling prices of our higher-margin laser chip products. The remaining 20% increase in gross margin relates to the decrease in amortization of acquired intangibles as certain assets were fully amortized.
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Gross margin for the six months ended December 27, 2025 increased to 35.2% from 24.0% for the six months ended December 28, 2024, primarily driven by the positive impact of higher revenue from our laser chip, laser assembly, and data transport products. Approximately 70% of the gross margin increase was driven by lower manufacturing costs as a percentage of revenue, primarily due to higher internal factory utilization, partially offset by an increase in warranty expense associated with Cloud Light legacy products. Additionally, 10% of the gross margin increase was driven by higher average selling prices of our higher-margin laser chip products. The remaining 20% increase in gross margin relates to the decrease in amortization of acquired intangibles as certain assets were fully amortized.
The markets in which we sell products are undergoing product, architectural and business model transitions driven in part by the deployment of AI, have high customer concentrations, are highly competitive, are price sensitive and/or are affected by customer seasonal and variants in buying patterns. We expect these factors to result in variability of our gross margin and our gross margin may be subject to increasing downward pressure due to these factors.

Research and Development (“R&D”)
R&D expense increased by $5.9 million, or 8.0% for the three months ended December 27, 2025 compared to the three months ended December 28, 2024, primarily due to a $6.3 million increase in our cash incentive compensation due to higher revenue and profit levels and $2.6 million increase in charges related to new R&D programs partially offset by a $2.1 million decrease in stock-based compensation.
R&D expense increased by $13.0 million, or 8.8% for the six months ended December 27, 2025 compared to the six months ended December 28, 2024, primarily due to a $11.6 million increase in our cash incentive compensation due to higher revenue and profit levels. In addition, incremental investments related to new R&D programs were almost completely offset by a decrease in stock-based compensation.
We believe that continuing our investments in R&D is critical to attaining our strategic objectives. We plan to continue to invest in R&D and new products that we believe will further differentiate us in the marketplace.

Selling, General and Administrative (“SG&A”)
SG&A expense increased by $19.8 million, or 26.0%, during the three months ended December 27, 2025 compared to the three months ended December 28, 2024, primarily due to a $7.5 million impairment charge to write-down assets held for sale to its fair value less cost to sell, a $6.1 million increase in our cash incentive compensation due to higher revenue and profit levels, a $5.0 million increase in stock-based compensation as well as a $2.9 million increase in employee benefits mainly due to payroll taxes on share-based compensation. These increases were partially offset by a $3.2 million decrease in amortization of acquired intangibles as certain assets were fully amortized.
SG&A expense increased by $28.6 million, or 18.7%, during the six months ended December 27, 2025 compared to the six months ended December 28, 2024, primarily due to a $12.0 million increase in our cash incentive compensation due to higher revenue and profit levels, as well as a $11.9 million increase in stock-based compensation, a $7.5 million impairment charge to write-down assets held for sale to its fair value less cost to sell and a $4.6 million increase in legal fees. These increases were offset by a $7.5 million decrease in amortization of acquired intangibles as certain assets were fully amortized.
From time-to-time, we incur expenses that are not part of our ordinary operations, such as mergers and acquisition-related and litigation expenses, which generally increase our SG&A expenses and potentially impact our profitability expectations in any particular period.

Restructuring and Related Charges (Reversals)
We have initiated various strategic restructuring events primarily intended to reduce costs, consolidate our operations, rationalize the manufacturing of our products, and align our business in response to market conditions and as a result of recent acquisitions.
During the three months ended December 27, 2025, we recorded a net reversal to our restructuring and related charges of $0.4 million attributable to lower than previously recorded employee severance and wind-down charges. During the six months ended December 27, 2025, we recorded $7.9 million of restructuring and related charges related to a reduction in force during the period in order to enhance operational efficiency and realign our investments toward the most critical initiatives.
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Escrow Settlement
On November 7, 2023, we completed the acquisition of Cloud Light Technology Limited (“Cloud Light”). In accordance with a definitive merger agreement, dated as of October 29, 2023, between the Company and Cloud Light, cash consideration included $75.8 million of cash held in an escrow fund to support Cloud Light’s indemnification obligations and customary adjustment for working capital. In November 2025, the Company and the former shareholders of Cloud Light mutually agreed to settle outstanding indemnification claims for $27.5 million and signed a settlement agreement releasing the balance of the escrow fund to the former Cloud Light shareholders and releasing them of their indemnification obligations. Since the measurement period expired, we recorded the settlement amount of $27.5 million as other income, net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations during the three and six months ended December 27, 2025.

Interest Expense
For the three months ended December 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024, we recorded interest expense of $6.3 million and $5.6 million, respectively. The increase in interest expense for the three months ended December 27, 2025 is mainly due to the issuance of the 2032 Notes in September 2025.
For the six months ended December 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024, we recorded interest expense of $12.0 million and $11.1 million, respectively. The increase in interest expense for the six months ended December 27, 2025 is mainly due to the issuance of the 2032 Notes in September 2025. Interest expense is primarily driven by the amortization of the debt issuance costs of our convertible notes.
Other Income, Net
The components of other income, net are as follows ( in millions ):

Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
December 27, 2025 December 28, 2024 December 27, 2025 December 28, 2024
Foreign exchange and other gains (losses), net $ (0.6) $ 5.9  $ 0.9  $ 5.2 
Interest and investment income, net 11.6  9.0  20.2  18.4 
Inducement expense —  —  (5.9) — 
Total other income, net $ 11.0  $ 14.9  $ 15.2  $ 23.6 

Other income, net for the three months ended December 27, 2025 decreased by $3.9 million compared to the three months ended December 28, 2024 primarily driven by a decrease in net foreign exchange gains of $6.5 million as the U.S. dollar strengthened against the Japanese Yen, which is the underlying currency for our term loans. This was offset by an increase of $2.6 million in interest and investment income mainly due to the $2.0 million interest income from the Cloud Light escrow settlement.

Other income, net for the six months ended December 27, 2025 decreased by $8.4 million from the six months ended December 28, 2024 primarily due to a $5.9 million inducement expense related to the partial repurchase of 2026 Notes and a decrease in net foreign exchange gains of $4.3 million mainly driven by the Japan term loans denominated in Japanese Yen offset by an increase of $2.0 million in interest and investment income related to the Cloud Light escrow settlement.
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Provision for Income Taxes
The following table summarizes provision for income taxes for the periods presented ( in millions ):

Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
December 27, 2025 December 28, 2024 December 27, 2025 December 28, 2024
Income tax provision $ 18.3  $ 18.6  $ 19.3  $ 21.8 

We recorded a tax provision of $18.3 million and $19.3 million for the three and six months ended December 27, 2025. Our tax provision for the three months ended December 27, 2025 includes a discrete tax expense of 1.1 million primarily related to the tax expense associated with income from a claim settlement, partially offset by the tax benefit from the revaluation of deferred tax balances, a windfall in connection with stock-based compensation vested during the quarter, and currency re-measurement of certain tax-related accounts. Our tax provision for the six months ended December 27, 2025 includes a discrete tax expense of $0.5 million, primarily related to the tax expense associated with income from a claim settlement, currency re-measurement of certain tax-related accounts, and interest accrual on uncertain tax positions, partially offset by the tax benefit from a windfall in connection with stock-based compensation vested during the periods, revaluation of deferred tax balances, and foreign return to provision differences.

Our estimated effective tax rate for the six months ended December 27, 2025 differs from the 21% U.S. statutory rate primarily due to the income tax expense from foreign income inclusions in the U.S., current year valuation allowance change, and changes in unrecognized tax benefits, partially offset by the income tax benefit from foreign rate differential and various income tax credits.
We regularly assess our ability to realize our deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis and will establish a valuation allowance if it is more-likely-than-not that some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. As of December 27, 2025, we maintain a full valuation allowance on U.S. federal and state and certain foreign deferred tax assets. Due to cumulative losses over recent years and based on all available evidence, we determined that it is more likely than not that our U.S. deferred tax assets will not be realized. However, given our current and anticipated future earnings, we believe there is a reasonable possibility that within the next several quarters, sufficient positive evidence may become available to support a release of all or a significant portion of the U.S. valuation allowance. The release of the valuation allowance would result in the recognition of certain deferred tax assets and a decrease to income tax expense for the period in which the release is recorded. The exact timing and amount of the valuation allowance released are subject to change and are based on the level of profitability that we are able to achieve and can reasonably forecast, as well as other positive and negative evidence.
Our provision for incomes taxes may be impacted by changes in the geographic mix of earnings, acquisitions, changes in the realizability of deferred tax assets, changes in our uncertain tax positions, the results of income tax audits, settlements with tax authorities, the expiration of statutes of limitations, the implementation of tax planning strategies, tax rulings, court decisions, and changes in tax laws and regulations. It is also possible that significant negative or positive evidence may become available that causes us to change our conclusion regarding whether a valuation allowance is needed on certain of our deferred tax assets, which would affect our income tax provision in the period of such change.
We also evaluate changes to regulations and requirements in the international jurisdictions where we conduct our business. For additional information, refer to Part II Item 1A “Risk Factors”.
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Financial Condition
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 27, 2025 and June 28, 2025, our cash and cash equivalents were $657.7 million and $520.7 million, respectively. As of December 27, 2025 and June 28, 2025, our short-term investments of $497.6 million and $356.4 million, respectively, were all held in the United States. Cash equivalents and short-term investments are primarily comprised of money market funds, treasuries, agencies, high quality investment grade fixed income securities, certificates of deposit, and commercial paper. Our investment policy and strategy provide for diversification of investments and is focused on the preservation of capital and supporting our liquidity requirements.
The total amount of cash held by the non-United States entities as of December 27, 2025 and June 28, 2025 was $397.7 million and $398.3 million, respectively, which was primarily held by entities incorporated in the United Kingdom, Japan, Hong Kong, China, Switzerland, China, and Thailand. Although cash currentl y held in the United States, as well as cash generated in the United States from future operations, is expected to cover our normal operating requirements, a substantial amount of additional cash could be required for other purposes, such as capital expenditures to support our business and growth, including costs associated with increasing internal manufacturing capabilities, strategic transactions and partnerships, and future acquisitions.
Our intent is to indefinitely reinvest funds held outside the United States. Except for the funds held in the Cayman Islands, the British Virgin Islands, Hong Kong and Japan, our current plans do not demonstrate a need to repatriate them to fund our domestic operations. However, if in the future, we encounter a significant need for liquidity domestically or at a particular location that we cannot fulfill through borrowings, equity offerings, or other internal or external sources, or the cost to bring back the money is not significant from a tax perspective, we may determine that cash repatriations are necessary or desirable. Repatriation could result in additional material taxes. These factors may cause us to have an overall tax rate higher than other companies or higher than our tax rates in the past. Additionally, if conditions warrant, we may seek to obtain additional financing through debt or equity sources. To the extent we issue additional shares, it may create dilution to our existing stockholders. However, any such financing may not be available on terms favorable to us or may not be available at all.
Beginning in fiscal year 2023, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 requires taxpayers to capitalize research and development expenditures and amortize domestic expenditures over five years and foreign expenditures over fifteen years. The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) enacted in July 2025 eliminates capitalization of domestic research and development expenditures for taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2025, but retains the requirement to amortize foreign research and development expenditures over 15 years. In addition, the OBBBA permits all taxpayers who paid or incurred domestic research and development expenses in tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2022 and before January 1, 2025 to elect to deduct any remaining unamortized amount over a one-year period or ratably over a two-year period (at the taxpayer’s election), accelerating the benefit of such expenses. We have evaluated these changes during the three and six months ended December 27, 2025, and the impact to our tax provision during these periods is not material.

Liquidity and Capital Resources Requirements
We believe that our cash and cash equivalents as of December 27, 2025, available borrowing capacity under our Credit Agreement, and cash flows from our operating activities will be sufficient to meet our liquidity and capital spending requirements for at least the next 12 months.
There are a number of factors that could positively or negatively impact our liquidity position, including:
• the settlement of any conversion or redemption of our convertible notes in cash;
• global economic conditions which affect demand for our products and services and impact the financial stability of our suppliers and customers, including the impact of uncertainty in the banking and financial services industries;
• fluctuations in demand for our products as a result of changes in regulations, tariffs or other trade barriers, and trade relations in general;
• changes in accounts receivable, inventory or other operating assets and liabilities, which affect our working capital;
• increase in capital expenditures to support our business and growth, including increases in manufacturing capacity;
• the tendency of customers to delay payments or to negotiate favorable payment terms to manage their own liquidity
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positions;
• timing of payments to our suppliers;
• volatility in fixed income and credit, which impact the liquidity and valuation of our investment portfolios;
• cost and availability of credit, which may impact available financing for us, our customers or others with whom we do business;
• volatility in foreign exchange markets, which impacts our financial results;
• possible investments or acquisitions of complementary businesses, products or technologies, or other strategic transactions or partnerships;
• issuance of debt or equity securities, or other financing transactions, including bank debt;
• potential funding of pension liabilities either voluntarily or as required by law or regulation; and
• acquisitions or strategic transactions.

Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 27, 2025, and the effect such obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flow ( in millions ):

Payments Due
Total Less Than 1 Year More Than 1 Year
Contractual Obligations
Asset retirement obligations $ 7.1  $ —  $ 7.1 

Operating lease liabilities, including imputed interest (1)
37.8  14.0  23.8 
Pension plan contributions (2)
2.0  2.0  — 
Purchase obligations (3)
1,086.0  1,022.8  63.2 
Term loans - principal (5)
104.8  57.7  47.1 
Term loans - interest (5)
1.8  1.0  0.8 

Convertible notes - principal (4)
3,198.5  468.8  2,729.7 
Convertible notes - interest (4)
80.1  20.5  59.6 
Others 15.0  1.4  13.6 
Total $ 4,533.1  $ 1,588.2  $ 2,944.9 

(1) The amounts of operating lease liabilities do not include any sublease income nor do they include payments for short-term leases or variable lease payments. As of December 27, 2025, we expect to receive sublease income of approximatel y $1.9 million over the remaining sublease peri ods.
(2) The amount of pension plan contributions represents planned contributions to our defined benefit plans. Although additional future contributions will be required, the amount and timing of these contributions will be affected by actuarial assumptions, the actual rate of returns on plan assets, the level of market interest rates, legislative changes, and the amounts of voluntary contributions to the plan. Any contributions for the following fiscal year and later will depend on the value of the plan assets in the future and thus are uncertain. As such, we have not included any amounts beyond one year in the table above.
(3) Purchase obligations represent legally binding commitments to purchase inventory and other commitments made in the normal course of business to meet operational requirements. Refer to “ Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies ” in the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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(4) The amounts related to convertible notes include principal and interest on our 0.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 (the “2026 Notes”), principal and interest on our 0.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028 (the “2028 Notes”), principal and interest on our 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2029 (the “2029 Notes”), and principal and interest on our 0.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2032 (the “2032 Notes”). The 2026 Notes have a maturity date of December 15, 2026, the 2028 Notes have a maturity date of June 15, 2028, the 2029 Notes have a maturity date of December 15, 2029, and the 2032 Notes have a maturity date of March 15, 2032. The principal balances of our convertible notes are reflected in the payment periods in the table above based on their respective contractual maturities, which may be accelerated if the holders elect to convert the notes prior to maturity. The principal amounts of all of our outstanding convertible notes must be settled in cash. The actual cash settlement may be higher if we decide to settle the conversion value in excess of the principal amounts in cash, rather than issuing shares of common stock.
(5) The amounts related to term loans include principal and interest on our Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (“SMBC”) 2029 and 2026 Term Loans with a fixed annual interest rate of 0.88% and 1.44%, respectively, and Mizuho Bank, Ltd. (“Mizuho”) term loan with a fixed annual interest rate of 0.90%. The SMBC Term Loans require monthly principal payments with the remaining principal due on the loan maturity dates of July 31, 2029 and December 19, 2026 while the Mizuho term loan requires quarterly principal payments with the final payment due on September 20, 2029.
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as such term is defined in rules promulgated by the SEC, which have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our liquidity or capital resources that are material to investors.
Indebtedness
During the three months ended December 27, 2025, the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock was at least 130% of the applicable conversion price of each series of our convertible notes, which includes 2032 Notes, 2029 Notes, 2028 Notes, and 2026 Notes (collectively referred to as the “Notes”) for at least 20 trading days during the 30 consecutive trading-day period ended on December 27, 2025. Therefore, the Notes are convertible at the option of the holders, and we are required to satisfy the conversion obligation with respect to any such converted series of Notes by paying cash equal to the principal amount of such converted series of Notes, and paying or delivering, as the case maybe, cash, shares of common stock or a combination of cash and shares of common stock, at our election, with respect to any conversion value in excess thereof. Accordingly, pursuant to ASC 470-20 under U.S. GAAP, although the applicable contractual maturity dates of these Notes extend beyond 12 months from the balance sheet date, we are required to classify our 2028 Notes, 2029 Notes and 2032 Notes, that have an aggregate carrying value of $2,714.2 million, as current portion of long-term debt as of December 27, 2025. Only the 2026 Notes with carrying value of $468.3 million mature within the next 12 months .
The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the convertible notes are as follows for the periods presented ( in millions ):

December 27, 2025 June 28, 2025
Carrying Amount Estimated Fair Value Carrying Amount Estimated Fair Value
2032 Notes $ 1,255.3  $ 2,840.8  $ —  $ — 
2029 Notes 600.6  3,400.1  600.2  925.5 
2028 Notes 858.3  2,584.6  857.7  890.2 
2026 Notes 468.3  1,844.6  1,048.3  1,233.3 
$ 3,182.5  $ 10,670.1  $ 2,506.2  $ 3,049.0 

The 2028 Notes, 2029 Notes and 2032 Notes are held by more than 60 unique holders and no holders had individual aggregate principal values greater than $505.0 million at December 27, 2025. To the extent Note holders elect to convert all or a significant portion of the Notes within a short period of time, our liquidity would be adversely impacted, and the Note holders’ ability to exercise their conversion right raises a substantial doubt that we could continue as a going concern. If we receive a significant number of requests for early conversion of Notes, we would utilize existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, together with available borrowings under our existing revolving credit facility, cash flows from operations, and proceeds from one or more potential new financings to settle the principal amount of such converted Notes in cash, with any excess conversion value thereof to be settled in cash, shares of common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of common stock, at our election.
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However, the fair value of the Notes, which would be the estimated value the holders would receive if they sell their Notes in the bond market, is generally higher than the value the holders would receive upon early conversion. The fair value is generally higher than the conversion value due to the embedded call option in the Notes which has time left until the Notes mature. Conversion also requires a holder to be subject to a holding period in which they are subject to further volatility. Therefore, historically, the holders’ requests for early conversion of our Notes have not been significant prior to the three-month period immediately preceding maturity. For additional information, refer to Part II Item 1A “Risk Factors”.
The table below summarizes the applicable conversion price and the equivalent 130% of the conversion price of each series of Notes ( per share amount ):

Conversion Price (1)
130% of Conversion Price (1)

2032 Notes $ 187.77  $ 244.10 
2029 Notes 69.54  90.40 
2028 Notes 131.03  170.34 
2026 Notes 99.29  129.08 

(1) Since the closing price of our stock was at least 130% of the applicable conversion price for each series of Notes for 20 of the last 30 trading days of our second quarter of fiscal year 2026, all of our Notes became convertible at the option of the holders during the third quarter of fiscal year 2026. The outstanding Notes are recorded as short-term debt, which is presented as current liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets as of December 27, 2025, net of unamortized debt issuance costs. If the Notes are converted by holders, we are required to satisfy our conversion obligations with respect to each series of converted Notes by paying cash equal to the principal amount of such series of converted Notes and paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of common stock, at our election, with respect to any conversion value in excess thereof. The outstanding Notes are recorded as convertible notes, non-current in our consolidated balance sheets as of June 28, 2025, net of unamortized debt issuance costs.
As of December 27, 2025, the Company had $83.3 million in principal amount outstanding on our SMBC Term Loans, of which the short-term portion of $52.0 million is recorded as current liabilities while the long-term portion of $31.3 million is recorded as long-term debt in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.
As of December 27, 2025, the Company had $21.5 million in principal amount outstanding on our Mizuho term loan, of which the short-term portion of $5.7 million is recorded as current liabilities while the long-term portion of $15.8 million is recorded as long-term debt in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.
On December 19, 2025, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement providing for a senior secured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $400.0 million, including a $23.0 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit. As of December 27, 2025, there were no borrowings outstanding under the revolving credit facility. For additional information regarding the Credit Agreement, refer to “Note 9. Debt”, in the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part 1, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. For additional information, refer to Part II Item 1A “Risk Factors”.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits
As of December 27, 2025 and June 28, 2025, our other non-current liabilities includ e unrecognized tax benefit for uncertain tax positions o f $60.4 million a nd $55.6 million, respectively. We are unable to reliably estimate the timing of future payments related to un certain tax positions.
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Cash Flows
Our balance of cash and cash equivalents increased by $137.0 million from $520.7 million as of June 28, 2025 to $657.7 million as of December 27, 2025. The increase in cash and cash equivalents during the six months ended December 27, 2025 was due to cash from operating activities of $184.6 million and cash from financing activities of $251.6 million, offset by cash used in investing activities of $299.2 million.
Operating Cash Flow
Cash from operating activities was $184.6 million during the six months ended December 27, 2025, which reflects a net income of $82.4 million and non-cash items of $229.5 million, offset by changes in operating assets and liabilities of $127.3 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities were primarily driven by an increase in accounts payable of $79.9 million primarily due to higher inventory purchases and capital expenditures, an increase of $27.4 million in accrued payroll and related expenses mainly driven by our accrual on employee cash bonuses and outstanding payroll taxes mainly related to stock-based compensation, and an increase of $21.8 million in accrued expenses and other current and non-current liabilities driven by contractual liabilities and increase in provision for warranty reserves, offset by an increase in accounts receivable of $126.7 million mainly driven by higher revenue, an increase of $102.5 million in inventories driven by inventory builds to support market demand and an increase of $27.4 million in prepayments and other current and non-current assets primarily driven by increase in value-added-tax receivables due to higher capital expenditures and inventory purchases and deferred financing costs related to our revolving credit facility.
Cash from operating activities was $63.9 million during the six months ended December 28, 2024, which reflects a net loss of $143.3 million, offset by non-cash items of $209.1 million and changes in operating assets and liabilities of $1.9 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities were primarily driven by an increase in accounts payable of $38.7 million primarily due to higher inventory purchases and capital expenditures and an increase in income tax liabilities of $28.5 million primarily due to income tax provision for the six months ended December 28, 2024, offset by an increase of $15.0 million in prepayments and other current and non-current assets related mainly to value-added-tax receivables driven by higher recent capital expenditures and inventory purchases, and a decrease of $19.9 million in accrued expenses and other current and non-current liabilities primarily due to payment of the net settlement amount of the Oclaro merger litigation.
Investing Cash Flow
Cash used in investing activities of $299.2 million during the six months ended December 27, 2025 was attributable to capital expenditures of $159.8 million and net payments from sales or maturities of short-term investments of $139.5 million, offset by $0.1 million proceeds from sale of assets.
Cash used in investing activities of $77.8 million during the six months ended December 28, 2024 was attributable to capital expenditures of $114.3 million, offset by net proceeds from sales or maturities of short-term investments of $36.3 million and proceeds from sales of property and equipment of $0.2 million.
Financing Cash Flow
Cash from financing activities of $251.6 million during the six months ended December 27, 2025 was attributable to $1,254.7 million of net proceeds from the issuance of 2032 Notes, $47.9 million of proceeds from SMBC term loans and $8.7 million of proceeds from employee stock plans, offset by payments for the partial repurchase of the 2026 Notes of approximately $843.1 million, payments for the 2032 Capped Call Options of $102.0 million, tax payments related to net share settlement of restricted stock of $107.4 million, $5.1 million of principal payments on term loans, $2.0 million payments for financing costs related to our revolving credit facility, and $0.1 million of payments for Notes conversions.
Cash used in financing activities of $56.9 million during the six months ended December 28, 2024 was attributable to $76.5 million of proceeds from SMBC and Mizuho term loans and $8.1 million of proceeds from employee stock plans, offset by tax payments related to net share settlement of restricted stock of $23.8 million, payment for an intangible asset acquisition holdback of $1.0 million and $2.9 million of principal payments on term loans.
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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Foreign Exchange Risk
We conduct our business and sell our products to customers primarily in Asia, Europe and North America. Due to the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates between the U.S. Dollar and foreign currencies, we recorded a net foreign exchange loss of $0.6 million and net foreign exchange gain of $0.9 million in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended December 27, 2025, respectively.
Although we sell primarily in the U.S. Dollar, we have foreign currency exchange risks related to our expenses and working capital denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, principally the Japanese Yen, Chinese Yuan, Canadian Dollar, Thai Baht, UK Pound, Swiss Franc, and the Euro. In addition, in the first quarter of fiscal year 2025, we entered into term loan agreements denominated in Japanese Yen. The volatility of exchange rates depends on many factors that we cannot forecast with reliable accuracy. In the event our foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities, sales or expenses increase, our operating results may be affected to a greater extent by fluctuations in the exchange rates of the currencies in which we do business as compared with the U.S. dollar.
Equity Price Risk
We are exposed to equity price risk related to the conversion options embedded in our 2032 Notes, 2029 Notes, 2028 Notes and 2026 Notes.
We issued the 2032 Notes in September 2025, 2029 Notes in June 2023, the 2028 Notes in March 2022 and the 2026 Notes in December 2019. As of December 27, 2025, the aggregate principal amount of the 2032 Notes, 2029 Notes, 2028 Notes and 2026 Notes is $1,265.0 million, $603.7 million, $861.0 million, $468.8 million, respectively, and bear interest at a rate of 0.375%, 1.50%, 0.50% and 0.50% per year, respectively. Since the convertible notes bear interest at fixed rates, we have no financial statement risk associated with changes in market interest rates. However, the potential value of the shares to be distributed to the holders of our convertible notes changes when the market price of our stock fluctuates. The 2032 Notes, 2029 Notes, 2028 Notes and 2026 Notes will mature on March 15, 2032, December 15, 2029, June 15, 2028 and December 15, 2026, respectively, unless earlier repurchased by us or converted pursuant to their terms, at a conversion price of approximately $187.77 per share for the 2032 Notes, $69.54 per share for the 2029 Notes, $131.03 per share for the 2028 Notes and $99.29 per share for the 2026 Notes.
In connection with the issuance of the 2032 Notes, we entered into the 2032 Capped Call Options with the 2032 Capped Call Counterparties. The cap price of the 2032 Capped Call Options was initially $268.24 per share, and is subject to certain adjustments under the terms of the 2032 Capped Call Options. To the extent the market price per share of our common stock, as measured under the terms of the 2032 Capped Call Options, exceeds the cap price of the 2032 Capped Call Options, there would be dilution and/or there would not be an offset of any potential cash payments in excess of the principal amount of converted 2032 Notes, in each case, to the extent that such market price exceeds the cap price of the 2032 Capped Call Options.
Interest Rate Fluctuation Risk
As of December 27, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments of $1,155.3 million. Cash equivalents and short-term investments are primarily comprised of money market funds, treasuries, agencies, high quality investment grade fixed income securities, certificates of deposit, and commercial paper. Our investment policy and strategy is focused on the preservation of capital and supporting our liquidity requirements. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. As of December 27, 2025, the weighted-average life of our investment portfolio was approximately six months.
Our fixed-income portfolio is subject to fluctuations in interest rates, which could affect our results of operations. Based on our investment portfolio balance as of December 27, 2025, a hypothetical increase or decrease in interest rates of 1% (100 basis points) would have resulted in a decrease or an increase in the fair value of our portfolio of approximately $4.9 million, and a hypothetical increase or decrease in interest rates of 0.50% (50 basis points) would have resulted in a decrease or an increase in the fair value of our portfolio of approximately $2.0 million.
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On December 19, 2025, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement providing for a senior secured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $400.0 million, including a $23.0 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit. At our option, borrowings bears interest at a variable rate tied to either a base rate or a term Secured Overnight Financing Rate, plus, in each case, a margin based on our secured net leverage ratio. Consequently, our interest expense could fluctuate due to the variable interest rates applicable to any borrowing under the Credit Agreement. As of December 27, 2025, there were no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement.
Bank Liquidity Risk
As of December 27, 2025, we had approximately $460.1 million   of unrestricted cash (excluding cash equivalents) in operating accounts that are held with domestic and international financial institutions. These cash balances could be lost or become inaccessible if the underlying financial institutions fail or if they are unable to meet the liquidity requirements of their depositors and if they are not supported by the national government of the country in which such financial institution is located. Notwithstanding, we have not incurred any losses to date and have had full access to our operating accounts. We believe any failures of domestic and international financial institutions could impact our ability to fund our operations in the short term. The value of our investment portfolio could also be impacted if we hold debt instruments which were issued by any institutions that fail or become illiquid. Our ability to obtain raw materials for our supply chain and collections of cash from sales may be unduly impacted if any of our vendors or customers are affected by illiquidity events.
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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES 
(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 27, 2025. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well-designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as of December 27, 2025, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level.
(b) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) that occurred during the quarter ended December 27, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
(c) Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
Our management, including the CEO and CFO, recognizes that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting cannot prevent or detect all possible instances of errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system's objectives will be met. The design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are subject to a variety of claims and suits that arise from time-to-time in the ordinary course of our business. As such, we regularly evaluate developments in legal matters that could affect the amount of previously accrued liabilities and record adjustments as appropriate. While management currently believes that resolving claims against us, individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows, these matters are subject to inherent uncertainties and management’s view of these matters may change in the future. Should we experience an unfavorable final outcome, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows for the period in which the effect becomes reasonably estimatable. For a description of our material pending legal proceedings, refer to “Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies” in the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes, before making a decision to invest in our common stock. Our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could also be harmed by risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently do not believe are material. If any of the risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.
Risk Factor Summary
Our business operations are subject to numerous risks, factors and uncertainties, including those outside of our control, which could cause our actual results to be harmed, including risks regarding the following:
Risks Related to our Business
• unfavorable macroeconomic and market conditions, including the impact of trade restrictions or regulations, including tariffs, duties and export controls;
• our reliance on a limited number of suppliers and customers;
• order cancellations, reductions or delays in delivery schedules by our customers or distributors;
• failure of banking institutions and liquidity concerns at other financial institutions;
• our backlog may not be an accurate indicator of our level and timing of future revenue;
• our gross margins and operating margins may vary over time;
• challenges relating to supply chain constraints;
• changes in technology and intense competition;
• our ability to sell to a significant customer;
• higher tariffs and other trade restrictions between the U.S. and other countries, including China and Thailand;
• headwinds caused by heightened, scheduled, or threatened tariffs imposed by the U.S. or other countries;
• the impact of a widespread health crisis;
• our international operations structure;
• volatility and maintenance of our real property portfolio;
• our ability to timely procure components needed to manufacture our products;
• our ability to manufacture our products;
• our ability to increase our manufacturing capacity;
• our leverage in negotiations with large customers;
• design and manufacturing defects or quality issues in our products;
• changes in laws and the adoption and interpretation of administrative rules and regulations, including U.S. and international customs and export regulations;
• our strategic transactions and implementation strategy for our acquisitions, including the Cloud Light acquisition;
• restructuring and related charges;
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• changes in spending levels, demand and customer requirements for our products;
• changes in tax laws;
• fluctuations in foreign currency;
• our future capital requirements;
• actual or perceived security or privacy breaches or incidents, as well as defects, errors or vulnerabilities in our technology and that of third-party providers;
• the failure or absence of business continuity plans with respect to our global facilities and operations;
• the unpredictability of our results of operations;
• our ability to protect our product and proprietary rights;
• factors relating to our intellectual property rights as well as the intellectual property rights of others;
• actions taken by authorized or unauthorized resellers or distributors that adversely affect our reputation or violate import or export regulations;
• litigation risks, including intellectual property litigation;
• our reliance on licensed third-party technology; and
• our ability to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting
Risks Related to Our Indebtedness
• our ability to service our current and future debt; and
• our ability to comply with the covenants under our revolving credit facility
Risks Related to Human Capital
• our ability to hire and retain key personnel;
• the effects of immigration policy on our ability to hire and retain employees; and
• employment related disputes and claims
Risks Related to Legal, Regulatory and Compliance
• our ability to obtain government authorization to export our products; and
• changes in social and environmental responsibility regulations, policies and provisions, as well as government, customer, business partner, investor or other stakeholder demands
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
• the volatility of the trading price of our common stock;
• dilution related to our convertible notes;
• our intention not to pay dividends for the foreseeable future;
• provisions of Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation and bylaws that may make a merger, tender offer or proxy contest difficult;
• exclusive forum provisions in our bylaws;
• the potential impact of the hedging activity of the 2032 Capped Call Counterparties on the market price of our common stock; and
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• counterparty risk with respect to the 2032 Capped Call Options
Risks Related to Our Business
Our operating results may be adversely affected by unfavorable changes in macroeconomics and market conditions and the uncertain geopolitical environment.
Our business and operating results depend significantly on general market and economic conditions. The current global macroeconomic environment is volatile and continues to be significantly and adversely impacted by inflation and a dynamic demand environment. Additionally, instability in the global credit markets, the impact of uncertainty regarding inflation, trade wars, and the effects of heightened, scheduled, or proposed tariffs, banking instability, capital expenditure reductions, unemployment, stock market volatility, the instability in the geopolitical environment in many parts of the world (including as a result of the on-going Russia-Ukraine war, ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, political and territorial conflicts in the Western Hemisphere, the conflict between Cambodia and Thailand, and China-Taiwan relations), the current economic challenges in China, including global economic ramifications of Chinese economic difficulties, and other disruptions may continue to put pressure on global economic conditions. Further, conditions in the global economy have an inherent degree of uncertainty. As a result, it is difficult to estimate the level of growth or contraction of the global economy as a whole. It is even more difficult to estimate growth or contraction in various parts, sectors, and regions of the economy, including the markets in which we participate. All aspects of our forecasts depend on estimates of growth or contraction in the markets we serve.
Adverse changes to and uncertainty in the global economy have affected industries in which our customers operate and have resulted in decreases in the rate of demand, consumption or use of certain of our customers’ products which, in turn, have resulted in, and may in the future result in, decreased demand for our products, revenue fluctuations, increased price competition for our products, and increased the risk of excess and obsolete inventories as well as higher overhead costs as a percentage of revenue. For example, customers who had built up large inventories when supply chains were tight related to the COVID-19 pandemic brought down inventories as supply constraints eased and, in some cases, these customers delayed projected shipments, which harmed our revenue and profitability. These conditions may recur in the future, and similar losses or delays may harm our results of operations. The impact of economic challenges on the global financial markets could negatively impact our operations by affecting the solvency of our customers, the solvency of our key suppliers or the ability of our customers to obtain credit to finance purchases of our products. Further, supply chain disruptions have led and may continue to lead to increased costs and have harmed and may continue to harm our ability to meet customer demand, adversely affecting our revenue and profitability. If global economic and market conditions, or economic conditions in key markets, remain uncertain or deteriorate, our prospects for growth may be negatively impacted, and we may experience adverse impacts on our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Adverse changes in political, regulatory and economic policies, including the threats of increasing worldwide tariffs for goods imported into the United States and of escalating retaliatory measures, could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
U.S. regulatory activity, such as tariffs, export controls, and economic sanctions laws have in the past, and may in the future, materially limit our ability to make sales to customers in certain regions of the world, including China, and which have in the past, and may in the future, increase our costs and harm our results of operations and financial condition. Throughout 2025, the U.S. imposed a series of tariffs on imported goods. While these tariffs are positioned to have the most significant impacts on goods originating from China, nearly all countries worldwide are impacted at levels ranging from 15% to stacked tariffs in excess of 100% in some cases. The tariff landscape continues to evolve daily and, as a result, the full impact of these tariff measures on our business is uncertain. In addition to the geographic tariffs, U.S. government investigations are currently underway that may result in new tariffs on certain products, including semiconductors, computers, and other products derivative of critical minerals.
Outside of the U.S., retaliatory measures from various countries also have in the past, and may in the future, adversely impact business operations. Such measures include tariffs on imports from the U.S. into countries such as China, as well as export control measures. For example, China imposed new export control measures affecting exports of rare earth metals and other critical minerals, limiting our ability to access these materials, which may limit our ability to produce products, increase our selling and/or manufacturing costs, decrease margins, reduce the competitiveness of our products, reduce customer demand for our products, or inhibit our ability to sell products or purchase necessary equipment and supplies. Additional changes to the trade policies of the U.S. and China are impossible to predict, and further changes or escalations in the trade policies of one or both countries may continue to affect our business.
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Adverse regulatory activity, such as export controls, economic sanctions and the imposition of heightened trade tariffs both globally and between the United States and China specifically carries the risk of negatively impacting overall economic conditions, which could have negative repercussions on our industry and our business. Moreover, to the extent the governments of China, the United States or other countries seek to promote use of domestically produced products or to reduce the dependence on or use of products from each other (sometimes referred to as “decoupling”), they may adopt or apply regulations or policies that have the effect of reducing business opportunities for us. Such actions may take the form of specific restrictions on particular customers, products, technology areas, or business combinations. For example, in the area of investments and mergers and acquisitions, the United States has implemented requirements for approval by the United States government of outbound investments; and the approval by China regulatory authorities is required for business combinations of companies that conduct business in China over specific thresholds, regardless of where those businesses are based. Restrictions may also be imposed based on whether the supplier is considered unreliable or a security risk. For example, the Chinese government adopted a law that would restrict purchases from suppliers deemed to be “unreliable suppliers.” In May 2023, the Cyberspace Administration of China banned the sale of products from Micron Technology to certain entities in China and stated that such products pose significant security risks to China's critical information infrastructure supply chain and national security. Furthermore, imposition of new or additional tariffs or new or revised export, import or doing-business regulations, including trade sanctions, could cause a decrease in the demand for, or sales of our products to customers located in China or other customers selling to Chinese end users or increase the cost for our products, which would directly impact our business and results of operations.
We depend on a limited number of suppliers for raw materials, packages and components, and any failure or delay by these suppliers in meeting our requirements could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
We purchase raw materials, packages and components from a limited number of suppliers, who are often small and specialized. Additionally, some of our suppliers are our sole sources for certain materials, equipment and components. We depend on the timely and continued supply and quality of the materials, packages and components that our suppliers supply to us. We have not entered into long-term agreements with many of these suppliers. We do not have a guarantee of supply from these suppliers and, as a result, there is no assurance that we would be able to secure the equipment or components that we require, in sufficient quantity, quality and on reasonable terms. Our business and results of operations have been, and could continue to be, adversely affected by this dependency. Alternative sources to mitigate the risk that the failure of any sole supplier will adversely affect our business are not feasible in all circumstances. If we were to lose any one of these or other critical sources, or if there is as an industry-wide increase in demand for, or the discontinuation of, raw materials used in our products, it could be difficult for us, or we may be unable, to find an alternative supplier or raw material, in which case our operations could be adversely affected. We are also subject to risk from increasing or fluctuating market prices of certain raw materials, which are incorporated into our end products or used by our suppliers to manufacture our end products. Supplies for such raw materials have from time to time become restricted, or general market factors and conditions have in the past affected and may in the future affect pricing of such commodities (including, in particular, due to changes in applicable tariffs, inflation, trade restrictions, or other supply chain constraints). For example, China’s recent export controls affected the availability and price of rare earth metals and other critical minerals for us as well as our supply chain and customers, adversely affecting our operations, margins and sales.
Specific concerns we periodically encounter with our sole suppliers or limited number of suppliers include receipt of defective parts or contaminated materials, stoppages or delays of supply, insufficient resources to supply our requirements, substitution of more expensive or less reliable materials, increases in the price of supplies, and an inability to obtain reduced pricing from our suppliers in response to competitive pressures. Furthermore, supply chain disruptions and labor market constraints have created heightened risk that sole suppliers or limited number of suppliers may be unable to meet their obligations to us. Difficulties in obtaining the materials, or services used in the conduct of our business or additional fees or higher prices to do so, have adversely affected our revenue and results of operations, and further challenges or decisions to seek alternate suppliers to secure supply in order to meet demand would increase our costs and reduce our profitability.
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Our financial results may be adversely affected due to changes in product demand impacted by recessions, increases in interest rates, stagflation and other economic conditions.
Customer demand for our products may be impacted by weak economic conditions, inflation, stagflation, trade wars, adverse changes in tariffs and trade policies, recessionary or lower-growth environments, high interest rates, tightening credit markets, equity market volatility or other negative economic factors in the U.S. or other countries. For example, under these conditions or expectation of such conditions, our customers in the past have canceled orders, delayed purchasing decisions or reduced their use of our services. In addition, adverse economic conditions have in the past, and could in the future, result in higher inventory levels and the possibility of resulting excess capacity charges from our contract manufacturers if we need to slow production to reduce inventory levels. Further, in the event of a recession or threat of a recession our contract manufacturers, suppliers and other third-party partners may suffer their own financial and economic challenges and as a result they may demand pricing accommodations, delay payment, or become insolvent, which could harm our ability to meet our customer demands or collect revenue or otherwise could harm our business. Similarly, disruptions in financial and/or credit markets may impact our ability to manage normal commercial relationships with our contract manufacturers, customers, suppliers and creditors and could cause us to not be able to continue to access preferred sources of liquidity when we would like, and our borrowing costs could increase. Thus, if economic conditions deteriorate or experience a sustained period of weakness or slower growth, our business and financial results could be adversely affected.
Our ability to sell our products to a previously significant customer has been restricted.
In August 2020, the Bureau of Industry and Security of the U.S. Department of Commerce (“BIS”) issued final rules that further restricted access by Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. and certain of its affiliates (collectively, “Huawei”) to U.S. technology, software and equipment produced domestically and abroad. The final rules prevent us from selling certain products subject to the Export Administration Regulations (“EAR”) to identified Huawei entities without a license issued by BIS. Further, even if we are able to obtain an export authorization to sell certain products to Huawei in the future, Huawei may not be able to source products from other suppliers due to the applicable export restrictions, which could then adversely impact Huawei’s demand for our products. All U.S. companies are dependent on the ability to obtain export authorizations to sell to Huawei. Until such export authorizations are available or the export restrictions are lifted, we are limited in our ability to sell our products, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and operating results.

Based on internal review conducted in 2023, we determined that our products may be “subject to the EAR” and consequently restricted for export, reexport, and transfer to Huawei. As a result, we stopped all of our product shipments to Huawei, historically our largest networking customer in China, in the beginning of calendar year 2024.

We submitted voluntary self-disclosures to BIS regarding certain product shipments we made to Huawei following the adoption of the final rules. In August 2024, we received an administrative subpoena from BIS requesting the production of records in connection with our business with Huawei. We also received a related subpoena from the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) that also requested information regarding our business with Huawei. We have been and will continue to cooperate with BIS and DOJ in responding to the subpoenas and their ongoing reviews. Any failure or alleged failure to comply with export controls laws and policies could have negative consequences, including significant legal costs, penalties, denial of export privileges and debarment from participation in U.S. government contracts, any of which could have an adverse effect on our operations, reputation and financial condition.
Under the current regulatory policy and rules, our business with Huawei is now completely restricted. In addition to being unable to supply any products to Huawei, we are also currently unable to work with Huawei on future product developments, or confer any benefit to Huawei, and expect this to continue while Huawei remains subject to the export control restrictions. This cessation of all business activities with Huawei has resulted in our inability to earn revenue from Huawei and negatively impacted our financial condition and results of operations. Huawei has been required to obtain similar or substitute products from other sources, which may include our competitors that are not subject to these restrictions.
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We cannot be certain what additional actions the U.S. government may take with respect to Huawei or other entities in China or other countries. We are unable to predict the duration and scope of the restrictions enacted in May 2019 and thereafter. For example, other customers, such as FiberHome Technologies Group, have been subject to export control restriction since May 2020, and BIS continues to add entities to the list of restricted parties, and may expand restrictions to other customers or otherwise restrict our ability to ship products. Any further export or trade restrictions that impede our ability to export or sell our products and services could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
Inflation and increased borrowing costs could impact our cash flows and profitability.
Prolonged periods of inflation may continue to adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity by increasing our overall cost structure, particularly if we are unable to achieve commensurate increases in the prices we charge our customers. Inflation has resulted in and may continue to result in higher interest rates and capital costs, supply shortages, increased costs of labor and other similar effects. As a result of inflation, we are subject to risk from increasing market prices of certain components, supplies, and raw materials, which are incorporated into our products or used by our manufacturing partners or suppliers to manufacture our products. These components, supplies and commodities have from time-to-time become restricted, or general market factors and conditions have affected pricing of such components, supplies and raw materials (such as inflation or supply chain constraints), and future restrictions or market conditions impacting pricing may adversely affect our business and results of operations. In addition, higher interest rates and tightening credit markets may impact our customers and partners and their ability to purchase products or pay in a timely manner may be adversely impacted.
Unstable market and economic conditions and adverse developments with respect to financial institutions and associated liquidity risk may have serious adverse consequences on our business and financial condition.
Disruptions in access to bank deposits or lending commitments due to bank failures could adversely affect our liquidity, our business and financial condition. The failure of any bank or financial institution in which we deposit our funds or assets could reduce the amount of cash we have available for our operations or delay our ability to access such funds. Any such failure may increase the possibility of a sustained deterioration of financial market liquidity. The value of our investment portfolio could also be impacted if we hold debt instruments which were issued by any institutions that fail or become illiquid. Our ability to obtain raw materials for our supply chain and collections of cash from sales may be unduly impacted if any of our vendors or customers are affected by illiquidity events.
Our backlog may not be an accurate indicator of our level and timing of future revenues.
Our backlog may not be a reliable indicator of future operating results. Further, customer behaviors have been changing as a result of worldwide macroeconomic factors, including as a result of changes in the trade policies of the U.S. and its trading partners, such as the effects of heightened, scheduled or threatened tariffs, and which has reduced demand and may continue to reduce demand for certain of our products and services. If we are not able to respond to and manage the impact of these supply challenges and behavioral changes effectively, or if general macroeconomic conditions or conditions in the industries in which we operate deteriorate, our business, operating results, financial condition, and cash flows could be adversely affected.
We expect our gross margins and operating margins to vary over time.
Our gross margins and operating margins are expected to vary, and may be adversely affected in the future by numerous factors, including, but not limited to:
• an increase or decrease in demand of our products;
• changes in product mix;
• increased price competition in one or more of the markets in which we compete;
• modifications to our pricing strategy to gain or retain footprint in markets or with customers;
• currency fluctuations that impact our costs or the cost of our products to our customers;
• the impact of inflation on costs and on demand for our products;
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• increases in material, labor, manufacturing, logistics, warranty costs, or inventory carrying costs;
• issues with manufacturing or component availability;
• issues relating to the distribution of our products, quality or efficiencies;
• increased costs due to changes in component pricing or charges incurred due to the inaccurately forecasting product demand or underutilization of manufacturing capacity;
• warranty related issues;
• factors beyond our control such as natural disasters, climate change, acts of war or terrorism, and public health emergencies;
• changing market, economic, and political conditions, including the impact of changes in the trade policies of the U.S. or its trading partners, heightened, scheduled or threatened tariffs, changes in the applicable trade restrictions, including for certain rare earth minerals, any retaliatory actions in response thereto, and other trade restrictions, regulatory restrictions on imports or exports to withdraw from or materially modify international trade agreements, or
• our introduction of new products and enhancements, or entry into new markets with different pricing and cost structures.
We have also seen, and may continue to see, our gross margins negatively impacted by increases in component costs, logistics costs, elevated inventory balances, and pricing pressure. Failure to sustain or improve our gross margins reduces our profitability and may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Challenges relating to supply chain constraints, including semiconductor components, could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Due to increased demand across a range of industries, our business and customers’ businesses are experiencing and could, in the future, experience supply constraints due to both constrained manufacturing capacity, as well as component parts shortages. These supply constraints have adversely affected and could further affect availability, lead-times and cost of components, and could increase the likelihood of unexpected cancellations or delays of previously committed supply of key components. These challenges have resulted in extended lead-times to our customers or accelerated ordering for certain of our products that resulted in inventory backlog that was subsequently managed down, resulting in reduced ordering. Ordering patterns may be difficult to predict and we have experienced and may, in the future, experience negative impacts to our revenue and profitability as well as our ability to achieve our forecasts.
Any disruption or delay in the production, delivery or supply of the raw materials, packaging or components used in the manufacture and delivery of our products, including delays and limits associated with heightened, scheduled or threatened tariffs affecting our components or raw materials, or limits on manufacturing availability or capacity, could delay or inhibit our ability to produce finished goods inventory. These supply chain constraints and their related challenges could result in shortages, increased material costs or use of cash, engineering design changes, and delays in new product introductions, each of which could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
If we do not anticipate technological shifts, market needs and opportunities, we may not be able to compete effectively and our ability to generate revenues will suffer.
If we are unable to anticipate future technological shifts, market needs, requirements or opportunities, or fail to develop and introduce new products, product enhancements, manufacturing or supply chain capacity, or business strategies to meet those requirements or opportunities in a timely manner or at all, it could cause us to lose customers, substantially decrease or delay market acceptance and sales of our products and services, and significantly harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, if we invest in developing products for a market that does not develop, it could significantly harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Even if we are able to anticipate, develop, and commercially introduce new products, enhancements or business strategies, any such products, enhancements or business strategies may not achieve market acceptance.
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Changing technology and intense competition require us to continuously innovate while controlling product costs, and our failure to do so may result in decreased revenues and profitability.
The markets in which we operate are dynamic and complex, and our success depends on our ability to deliver both our current product offerings and new products and technologies on time and at acceptable prices to our customers. The markets for our products are characterized by rapid technological change, frequent new product introductions and enhancements, substantial capital investment, changes in customer requirements, continued price pressures and a constantly evolving industry. Historically, these pricing pressures have led to a continued decline of average selling prices across our business and we expect that these historical trends will continue. The development of new, technologically advanced products is a complex and uncertain process requiring high levels of innovation and the accurate prediction of technology and market trends. The introduction of new products also often requires significant investment to ramp up production capacity, the benefit of which may not be realized if we are not successful in the production of such products or if customer demand does not develop as expected. Ramping of production capacity also entails risks of delays which can limit our ability to realize the full benefit of new product introductions. We cannot assure you that we will be able to identify, develop, manufacture, market or support new or enhanced products successfully, if at all, or on a timely basis. We also cannot assure you that potential markets for our new products will materialize on the timelines we anticipate, or at all, or that our technology will meet our customers’ specifications. In addition, the markets in which our customers compete experience rapid changes in technology, customer requirements, competitive products, and industry standards, which may impact the demand for our products or products that we are developing. For example, markets driven by AI/ML technology are changing rapidly and therefore, the demand for our products that address these markets may change and is difficult to predict. Our future performance will depend on the successful development, introduction, deployment and market acceptance of new and enhanced features and products that meet our customers’ current and future needs. Future demand for our products is uncertain and will primarily depend on continued technological development and the introduction of new or enhanced products. If this does not continue, sales of our products may decline which could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The market for optical communications products in particular has matured over time and these products have increasingly become subject to commoditization. Both legacy competitors as well as new entrants, predominantly Asia-based competitors, have intensified market competition in recent years leading to pricing pressure. To preserve our revenues and product margin structures, we remain reliant on an integrated customer and market approach that anticipates end customer needs as requirements evolve. We also must continue to develop more advanced, differentiated products that command a premium with customers, while conversely continuing to focus on streamlining product costs for established legacy products. If we fail to continue to develop enhanced or new products that enable us to increase revenues while maintaining consistent margins, or over time are unable to adjust our cost structure to continue to competitively price more mature products, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
We rely on a limited number of customers for a significant portion of our sales; and the majority of our customers do not have contractual purchase commitments.
We have consistently relied on a small number of customers for a significant portion of our sales. We expect that this customer concentration will continue in the future, and we expect that our financial performance in certain business lines and growth prospects will continue to depend in part on a small number of customers. Many of our customers purchase products under purchase orders or under contracts that do not contain volume or long-term purchase commitments. Therefore, these customers may alter their purchasing behavior with little or no notice to us for various reasons, including developing, or, in the case of our distributors, their customers developing, their own product solutions; choosing to purchase or distribute product from our competitors; incorrectly forecasting end market demand for their products; or experiencing a reduction in their market share in the markets for which they purchase our products. As a result, it is difficult to forecast our revenues and to determine the appropriate levels of inventory required to meet future demand. For example, we have from time-to-time experienced excess and obsolete charges due to customer transitions to the next generation of products. We may also experience increased inventory levels and increased carrying costs and risk of excess or obsolete inventory due to unanticipated reductions in purchases by our customers. In addition, customers provide us with their expected forecasts for our products several months in advance, but these customers may decrease, cancel or delay purchase orders already in place, including on short notice, or may experience financial difficulty which affects their ability to pay for products, particularly in light of the global macroeconomic uncertainty, and have done so from time-to-time, and the impact of any such actions may be intensified given our dependence on a limited number of large customers. We cannot accurately predict what or how many products our customers will need in the future. Anticipating demand is
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difficult because our customers face unpredictable demand for their own products and in recent periods have become increasingly focused on cash preservation and tighter inventory management.

In addition, changes in the business requirements, vendor selection, project prioritization, financial prospects, capital resources, and expenditures, or purchasing behavior (including product mix purchased or timing of purchases) of our key customers, or any real or perceived quality issues related to the products that we sell to such customers, have led to decreased sales to such customers or delays or cancellations of planned purchases of our products or services, which has unfavorably impacted our revenues and operating results, and may continue to impact our business and results of operations. We may also experience pricing pressure with certain of our customers that may adversely affect our revenue and margins, or, if the ongoing relationship no longer benefits us, we may decide to suspend or terminate our relationship with such customers. There are also continuing trade tensions, including an uncertain regulatory environment, in the U.S. and countries in Asia, and in particular, China, which have impacted and could continue to materially impact our sales to key customers in these regions. Further, we may be required to purchase raw materials, increase production capacity or make other changes to our business to accommodate certain large customers. If forecasted orders do not materialize, we may need to reduce investment in R&D activities, we may fail to optimize our manufacturing capacity and incur charges for such underutilization, we may incur liabilities with our suppliers for reimbursement of capital expenditures, or we may have excess inventory. In addition, if we incur expenses in response to forecasted demand and do not have a corresponding increase in revenue, our profitability may suffer. Any of these factors could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Intense competition in our markets may lead to an accelerated reduction in our prices, revenues, margins and market share.
The end markets for optical products have experienced significant industry consolidation during the past few years. We expect this trend to continue as companies attempt to strengthen or hold their market positions in an evolving industry and as companies are acquired or are unable to continue operations. As a result, the markets for optical subsystems, components and laser diodes are highly competitive and the intensity of such competition is increasing. Our current competitors include a number of domestic and international public and private companies, many of which may have substantially greater financial, technical, marketing and distribution resources and brand name recognition than we have. As we expand into new markets, we face competition not only from our existing competitors, but also from new competitors, including existing companies with strong technological and sales positions in those markets. We may not be able to compete successfully against either current or future competitors, particularly, in light of increasing consolidation. Our competitors may continue to enter markets or gain or retain market share through introduction of new or improved products or with aggressive low pricing strategies that may impact the efficacy of our approach. These competitors may be able to devote greater resources than we can to the development, promotion, sale and support of their products. Additionally, the merger or consolidation of significant competitors have resulted in, and will likely result in, competitors with greater resources, which may enable them to offer a different market approach, or a lower cost structure through economies of scale or other efficiencies that we may be unable to match and which may intensify competition in the various markets. In addition, if we are unable to satisfy customer demand and customers are required to purchase products from our competitors, they may shift immediate and future purchases to such competitors, which could harm our customer relationships and adversely impact our access to certain end markets. Further, our competitors may seek to vertically integrate by buying suppliers that also supply products or components to us, which could enable them to further reduce prices, or could increase our costs. Our current or potential customers may also determine to develop and produce products for their own use which may be competitive to our products. Such vertical integration could reduce the market opportunity for our products. Increased competition could result in significant price erosion, reduced revenue, lower margins or loss of market share, any of which would significantly harm our business.
We are subject to risks arising from our international operations, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We derive a majority of our revenue from our international operations, and we plan to continue expanding our business in international markets in the future. In addition, we have extensive international manufacturing capabilities through third-party contract manufacturers, as well as through our own international facilities, with employees engaged in R&D, administration, manufacturing, support and sales and marketing activities.
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As a result of our international operations, in addition to similar risks we face in our U.S. operations, we are affected by economic, business, regulatory, social, and political conditions in foreign countries, including the following:
• adverse social, political and economic conditions, such as inflation, high interest rates and risk of global or regional recession;
• effects of adverse changes in currency rates;
• impacts related to business disruptions and restrictions related to pandemics and endemics, including supply chain disruptions and labor shortages and differential impacts in different regions and geographies;
• changes in general IT spending;
• less effective protection of intellectual property;
• the imposition of government controls, inclusive of critical infrastructure protection;
• changes in or limitations imposed by trade protection laws or other regulatory orders or requirements in the United States or in other countries, including changes in the trade policies of the U.S. and its trading partners, heightened, scheduled, or threatened tariffs, sanctions, or other costs or requirements which may affect our ability to import or export our products from various countries or increase the cost to do so, including government action to restrict our ability to sell to foreign customers where sales of products may require export licenses (See Risk Factor entitled “Our ability to sell our products to a significant customer has been restricted”); the restrictions in China on the export of gallium and germanium and other rare earth metals and critical minerals; and other retaliatory responses in the trade policies of the U.S. or foreign governments;
• the imposition of sanctions on customers in China may cause those customers to seek domestic alternatives to our products, including developing alternatives internally, and our customers demand for our products could be impacted by their inability to obtain other materials subject to sanctions. For example, sanctions on sales to certain parties of U.S. semiconductors and semiconductor equipment has caused a delay in 5G deployment in China while the affected companies seek alternative solutions, which has reduced the demand for our products from some of our Chinese customers;
• varying and potentially conflicting laws and regulations;
• overlapping, differing or more burdensome tax structure and laws;
• markets for 5G infrastructure not developing in the manner or in the time periods we anticipate, including as a result of unfavorable developments with evolving laws and regulations worldwide;
• wage inflation or a tightening of the labor market;
• the impact of recessions and other economic conditions in economies outside the United States, including, for example, dips in the manufacturing Purchasing Managers Index as well as the Institute for Supply Management data in the Eurozone;
• tax and customs changes that adversely impact our global sourcing strategy, manufacturing practices, transfer-pricing, or competitiveness of our products for global sales;
• volatility in oil prices and increased costs, or limited supply of other natural resources;
• political developments, geopolitical unrest or other conflicts in foreign nations, including the Russia-Ukraine war, the ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, the conflict between Cambodia and Thailand, political and territorial conflicts in the Western Hemisphere, political developments in Hong Kong and Taiwan, and the potential impact such developments or further actions could have on our customers in the markets in which we operate; and
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• the impact of the following on service provider and government spending patterns as well as our contract and internal manufacturing: political considerations, changes in or delays in government budgeting processes, unfavorable changes in tax treaties or laws, unfavorable events that affect foreign currencies on an absolute or relative basis, natural disasters, epidemic disease, labor unrest, earnings expatriation restrictions, misappropriation of intellectual property, military actions, acts of terrorism, political and social unrest and difficulties in staffing and managing international operations.
Additionally, our business is impacted by fluctuations in local economies and currencies. Global economic volatility has significantly impacted the foreign exchange markets, and the currencies of various countries in which we operate and have significant volume of local-currency denominated expenses have seen significant volatility. We expect such volatility to continue, which could negatively impact our results by making our non-U.S. operations more expensive when reported in U.S. dollars, primarily due to the costs of payroll.
Moreover, local laws and customs in many countries differ significantly from or conflict with those in the United States or other countries in which we operate. In many foreign countries, particularly in those with developing economies, it is common for others to engage in business practices that are prohibited by our internal policies and procedures or U.S. regulations applicable to us. There can be no assurance that our employees, contractors, channel partners and agents will not take actions in violation of our policies and procedures, which are designed to ensure compliance with applicable U.S. and foreign laws and policies. Violations of laws or key control policies by our employees, contractors, channel partners, or agents could result in termination of our relationships with customers and suppliers, financial reporting problems, fines and/or penalties for us, or prohibition on the importation or exportation of our products, and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are also highly dependent on the ability to ship products to customers and to receive shipments from our suppliers. In the event of a disruption in the worldwide or regional shipping infrastructure, our access to supplies and our ability to deliver products to customers would correspondingly be negatively impacted. As a result of shipping disruptions, we have experienced among other things, increased costs to ship products and delays in receiving components and any disruption in the future would likely adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
In addition to the above risks related to our international operations, we also face risks related to pandemics and epidemics. An outbreak of a contagious disease, and other adverse public health developments, particularly in Asia, could have an adverse effect on our business operations. The effects could include restrictions on our ability to travel to support our sites in Asia or our customers located there, disruptions in our ability to distribute products, and/or temporary closures of our facilities in Asia or the facilities of our suppliers or customers and their contract manufacturers.
In the past, these and similar risks have disrupted our operations and the operations of our suppliers, customers and contract manufacturers and increased our costs, and we expect that they may do so in the future. Any or all of these factors could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We are subject to the risks of owning real property.
Our buildings subject us to the risks of owning real property, which include, but are not limited to:
• adverse changes in the value of these properties due to economic conditions, the movement by many companies to a hybrid work environment, interest rate changes, changes in the neighborhood in which the property is located, or other factors;
• the possible need for structural improvements in order to comply with zoning, seismic and other legal or regulatory requirements;
• the potential disruption of our business and operations arising from or connected with a relocation due to moving or to renovating the facility;
• increased cash commitments for improvements to the buildings or the property, or both;
• increased operating expenses for the buildings or the property, or both; and
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• the risk of financial loss in excess of amounts covered by insurance, or uninsured risks, such as the loss caused by damage to the buildings as a result of earthquakes, floods, typhoons, tsunamis, fires, and/or other natural disasters.
Changes in demand and customer requirements for our products may be difficult to forecast. We may be unable to increase our manufacturing capacity to meet future demand, or we may experience difficulties in generating and maintaining demand to optimize our manufacturing capacity. If we are unable to align supply with demand, it could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
We operate in a market where demand can fluctuate rapidly and we may not be able to predict or quickly respond to trends in the dynamics of our markets and our customers or changes in customer demand, which could negatively impact our gross margins. Although AI is a relatively new demand driver for our products, it is evolving rapidly, and the expected timing and amount of investments related to AI can change significantly. As a result, it may be difficult to accurately forecast such demand and we may incur costs in anticipation of demand that ultimately does not materialize. We manufacture and purchase or commit to supplies based on forecasts of demand from our customers. If we overestimate demand, or if customers cancel or defer orders, change requirements or choose to purchase from our competitors, we may not be able to utilize on-hand inventory or reduce purchase commitments accordingly. If demand does materialize, but is lower than expected, we may not be able to reduce our costs in response, which would adversely impact our gross margins. We have had to reduce average selling prices, increase prices for certain of our products as a result of our suppliers’ increase in prices, write down our inventory, incur cancellation penalties, and record impairments, and may have to do so in the future.
Our ability to meet demand is influenced by numerous factors, including changes in product development cycles, ramping technologies, and evolving customer requirements. Our ability to increase supply of our products is especially dependent on our ability to increase our manufacturing capacity, both at our own facilities and those of our contract manufacturers. Our ability to increase production is subject to a number of uncertainties inherent in all new manufacturing operations, including ongoing compliance with regulatory requirements, procurement and maintenance of construction, environmental and operational licenses and approvals for additional expansion, clean-room capacity, supply chain constraints, hiring, training and retention of qualified employees, implementing highly complex manufacturing processes, and the pace of bringing production equipment and processes online with the capability to manufacture high-quality products. We may also face difficulties in optimizing our manufacturing capacity, which may result in underutilization of our manufacturing facilities and excess inventory of our manufactured products. If we experience any issues or delays in increasing production capacity in our current or new manufacturing facilities or generating and maintaining demand for our products we manufacture there, our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition may be harmed.
If demand exceeds our forecasts, we may be unable to scale and increase supply sufficiently to meet such demand, which could result in a loss of revenue, decisions about manufacturing priorities, decisions on supply allocation, damage to customer relationships, legal or other disputes, loss of business and market share to competitors, and loss of future opportunities.
If we are unable to manufacture certain products in our manufacturing facilities or if we or our contract manufacturers and suppliers are unable or fail to meet our production requirements, our business maybe adversely affected.
We manufacture some of our finished good products as well as some of the components that we provide to our contract manufacturers in our China, Japan, Thailand, United Kingdom, and San Jose, California manufacturing facilities. For some of the components and finished good products, we are the sole manufacturer. Our manufacturing processes are highly complex, and issues are often difficult to detect and correct. From time-to-time, we have experienced problems achieving acceptable yields in our manufacturing facilities, resulting in delays in the availability of our products and inability to meet customer demand. In addition, if we experience problems with our manufacturing facilities or are unable to continue operations at any of these sites, including as a result of social, geopolitical, environmental or health factors, damage caused by natural disasters, or other problems or events beyond our control, including pandemics or widespread health epidemics, it would be costly and require a long period of time to move the manufacture of these components and finished good products to a different facility or contract manufacturer which could then result in interruptions in supply, and would likely materially impact our financial condition and results of operations. Our business and operations would be severely impacted if there were any future widespread health crisis or related restrictions imposed by governments or private industry in regions we operate.
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We also rely on several independent contract manufacturers to supply us with certain products. For many products, a particular contract manufacturer may be the sole source of the finished good products. We depend on these manufacturers to meet our production and capacity requirements and to provide quality products to our customers. There are a number of risks associated with our reliance on contract manufacturers including:
• reduced control over delivery schedules and planning;
• availability of manufacturing capability and capacity, particularly during periods of high demand;
• reliance on the quality assurance procedures of third parties;
• risks associated with data security breaches or cyber-attacks targeting our contract manufacturers, including manufacturing disruptions or unauthorized access to information; and
• potential misappropriation of our intellectual property.
Additionally, if operations at these contract manufacturers are adversely impacted, such as by natural disasters, or restrictions due to the impact of a widespread health crisis disruptions or any resulting economic impact to their business, this would likely materially impact our financial condition and results of operations. Our ability to control the quality of products produced by contract manufacturers has and may in the future be impaired by pandemics or widespread health epidemics disruptions, and quality issues might not be resolved in a timely manner. Additionally, if our contract manufacturers continue experiencing disruptions or discontinue operations, we may be required to identify and qualify alternative manufacturers, which is expensive and time consuming. If we are required to change or qualify a new contract manufacturer, this would likely cause business disruptions and adversely affect our results of operations and could harm our existing customer relationships.
Despite rigorous testing for quality, both by us and the contract manufacturers to whom we sell products, we may receive and ship defective products. We may incur significant costs to correct defective products which could result in the loss of future sales and revenue, indemnification costs or costs to replace or repair the defective products, litigation and damage to our reputation and customer relations. Defective products may also cause diversion of management attention from our business and product development efforts.
Our manufacturing operations and those of our contract manufacturers may be affected by natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, typhoons, tsunamis, fires and widespread health crises, changes in legal requirements, labor competition, shortages and turnover, labor strikes and other labor unrest, wars or other conflicts, and economic, political or other forces that are beyond our control. For example, in the past one of our former contract manufacturers experienced a labor strike which threatened the contract manufacturer’s ability to fulfill its product commitments to us and, in turn, our ability to fulfill our obligations to our customers. We are heavily dependent on a small number of manufacturing sites. Our business and operations would be severely impacted by any significant business disruptions for which we may not receive, and regardless of whether we receive, adequate recovery from insurance. There has been an increased focus on corporate social and environmental responsibility in our industry. As a result, a number of our customers may adopt policies that include social and environmental responsibility provisions that their suppliers should comply with. These provisions may be difficult and expensive to comply with, given the complexity of our supply chain. We may be unable to cause our suppliers or contract manufacturers to comply with these provisions which may adversely affect our relationships with customers.
In addition, for a variety of reasons, including changes in circumstances at our contract manufacturers, restrictions or inability to operate, or regarding our own business strategies, we may choose or be required to transfer the manufacturing of certain products to other manufacturing sites, including to our own manufacturing facilities. As a result of such transfers, our contract manufacturers may prioritize other customers or otherwise be unable or unwilling to meet our demand. There also may be delays with the transfer of manufacturing equipment and successfully setting up that equipment at the transfer sites and training new operators. If such transfers are unsuccessful or take a longer period of time than expected, it could result in interruptions in supply and supply chain and would likely impact our financial condition and results of operations.
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Some of our purchase commitments with contract manufacturers are not cancellable which may impact our results of operations if customer forecasts driving these purchase commitments do not materialize and we are unable to sell the products to other customers. We may also incur charges if we do not utilize our allocated manufacturing capacity which would increase our costs and decrease our margins. Alternatively, our contract manufacturers may not be able to meet our demand which would inhibit our ability to meet our customers’ demands and maintain or grow our revenues. Furthermore, it could be costly and require a long period of time to move products from one contract manufacturer to another which could result in interruptions in supply and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.
Further, certain of our suppliers are located in China, which exposes us to risks associated with Chinese laws and regulations and U.S. laws, regulations and policies with respect to China, such as those related to import and export policies, the recent imposition of higher U.S. tariffs on many products from China, retaliatory actions taken by the U.S. and China in response to actions taken by the other, and risks related to taxation and the treatment of intellectual property. Chinese and U.S. laws and regulations are subject to frequent change, and if our suppliers are unable to obtain or retain the requisite legal permits or otherwise to comply with Chinese and U.S. legal requirements, we may be forced to obtain products from other manufacturers or to make other operational changes, including transferring our manufacturing to another manufacturer or to our own manufacturing facilities. In addition, many of our products are sourced from suppliers based outside of the United States, primarily in Asia. We may continue to face uncertainty with respect to our suppliers’ abilities to supply products due to supply chain and inventory impacts, tax and trade policies, the effects of trade wars, including heightened, scheduled, and threatened tariffs and trade restrictions, and government regulations affecting trade between the United States and other countries. Major developments in tax policy or trade relations, such as the imposition of tariffs on imported products, for example, higher U.S. tariffs on the import of certain products manufactured in Thailand or China (and vice-versa), could increase our product and product-related costs or require us to seek alternative suppliers, either of which could result in decreased sales or increased product and product-related costs. Any such developments could have a material impact on our ability to meet our customers’ expectations and may materially impact our operating results and financial condition.
Changes in demand and customer requirements for our products may reduce manufacturing yields, which could negatively impact our profitability.
Manufacturing yields depend on a number of factors, including the volume of production due to customer demand and the nature and extent of changes in specifications required by customers for which we perform design-in work. Changes in manufacturing processes required as a result of changes in product specifications, changing customer needs, introduction of new product lines and changes in contract manufacturers may reduce manufacturing yields, resulting in low or negative margins on those products. Moreover, an increase in the rejection rate of products during the quality control process, before, during or after manufacturing, results in lower gross margins from lower yields and additional rework costs. Any reduction in our manufacturing yields will adversely affect our gross margins and could have a material impact on our operating results.
If our customers do not qualify our manufacturing lines or the manufacturing lines of our subcontractors for volume shipments, our operating results could suffer.
Certain of our customers do not purchase products, other than limited numbers of evaluation units, prior to qualification of the manufacturing line for volume production. Our existing manufacturing lines, as well as each new manufacturing line, must pass through varying levels of qualification with certain of our customers. Some of our customers require that our manufacturing lines pass their specific qualification standards and that we, and any subcontractors that we may use, be registered under international quality standards. We may encounter quality control issues as a result of setting up new manufacturing lines in our facilities, relocating our manufacturing lines or introducing new products to fill production. We may be unable to obtain, or we may experience delays in obtaining, customer qualification of our manufacturing lines. If we introduce new contract manufacturing partners and move any production lines from existing internal or external facilities, the new production lines will likely need to be re-qualified with our customers. Any delays or failure to obtain qualifications would harm our reputation, operating results, and customer relationships.
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We contract with a number of large OEM and end-user service providers and product companies that have considerable bargaining power, which may require us to agree to terms and conditions that could have an adverse effect on our business or ability to recognize revenues.
Large OEM and end-user service providers and product companies comprise a significant portion of our customer base. These customers generally have greater purchasing power than smaller entities and, accordingly, often request and receive more favorable terms from suppliers, including us. As we seek to expand our sales to existing customers and acquire new customers, we may be required to agree to terms and conditions that are favorable to our customers and that may affect the timing of our ability to recognize revenue, increase our costs and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Furthermore, large customers have increased buying power and ability to require onerous terms in our contracts with them, including pricing, warranties, and indemnification terms. If we are unable to satisfy the terms of these contracts, it could result in liabilities of a material nature, including litigation, damages, additional costs, loss of market share and loss of reputation. Additionally, the terms these large customers require, such as most-favored nation or exclusivity provisions, may impact our ability to do business with other customers and generate revenues from such customers.
Our products may contain defects that could cause us to incur significant costs, divert our attention from product development efforts and result in loss of customers.
Our products are complex, and defects and quality issues are found from time-to-time. Networking products in particular frequently contain undetected software or hardware defects when first introduced or as new versions are released. In addition, our products are often embedded in or deployed in conjunction with our customers’ products which incorporate a variety of components produced by third parties, which may contain defects. As a result, when problems occur, it may be difficult to identify the source of the problem. These problems may cause us to incur significant damages or warranty and repair costs, divert the attention of our engineering personnel from our product development efforts and manufacturing resources, and cause significant customer relation problems or loss of customers, or risk exposure to product liability suits, all of which would harm our business. Additionally, changes in our or our suppliers' manufacturing processes or the inadvertent use of defective materials by us or our suppliers could result in an adverse effect on our ability to achieve acceptable manufacturing yields and product reliability. To the extent that we do not achieve and maintain our projected yields or product reliability, our business, operating results, financial condition and customer relationships would be adversely affected.
We face a number of risks related to pursuing strategic transactions.
We have in the past and expect to continue to seek to expand and diversify our operations with additional acquisitions and strategic transactions as well as acquisitions of complementary technologies, products, assets and businesses. We may be unable to identify or complete prospective acquisitions for many reasons, including competition from other potential acquirers, the effects of consolidation in our industries and potentially high valuations of acquisition candidates. Even if we do identify acquisitions or enter into agreements with respect to such acquisitions, we may not be able to complete the acquisition due to regulatory requirements or restrictions, competition, or other reasons. In addition, applicable antitrust laws and other regulations may limit our ability to acquire targets or force us to divest all or a portion of our business or an acquired business. If we are unable to identify suitable targets or complete acquisitions, our growth prospects may suffer, and we may not be able to realize sufficient scale and technological advantages to compete effectively in all markets.
In connection with acquisitions, risks to us and our business include:
• diversion of management’s attention from normal daily operations of the business;     
• unforeseen expenses, delays or conditions imposed on the acquisition or transaction, including due to required regulatory approvals or consents, or fees that may be triggered upon a failure to consummate an acquisition or transaction for certain reasons;
• the inability to retain and obtain required regulatory approvals, licenses and permits;
• loss of employees, customers, suppliers or partners due to uncertainty of a transaction; and
• failure to consummate an acquisition resulting in negative publicity and/or negative impression of us in the investment community that could impact our stock price.
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We have also faced litigation in connection with acquisitions, some of which continues following the consummation of the acquisition. Such litigation may be costly and diverts management time and attention.
We have in the past, and may in the future, divest or reduce our investment in certain businesses or product lines from time-to-time. Such divestitures involve risks, such as difficulty separating portions from our other businesses, distracting employees, incurring potential loss of revenue, negatively impacting margins, and potentially disrupting customer relationships. We may also incur significant costs associated with exit or disposal activities, related impairment charges, or both.
If we are unable to successfully manage any of these risks in relation to any future acquisitions or divestitures, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely impacted.
We may be unable to successfully implement our acquisitions strategy or integrate acquired companies and personnel with existing operations.
To the extent we are successful in making acquisitions, such as our acquisitions of Cloud Light, NeoPhotonics and the IPG telecom transmission product lines, we may be unsuccessful in implementing our acquisitions strategy, or integrating acquired companies, businesses or product lines and personnel with existing operations, the integration may be more difficult or more costly than anticipated, or the transaction may not further our business strategy as we expected or we may overpay for, or otherwise not realize the expected return on, our investment. Some of the challenges involved integrating businesses and acquisitions include:
• difficulty preserving relationships with customers, suppliers or partners;
• potential difficulties in completing projects associated with in-process R&D;
• unanticipated liabilities or our exposure for known contingencies and liabilities may exceed our estimates;
• insufficient net revenue or unexpected expenses that negatively impact our margins and profitability;
• unexpected losses of key employees of the acquired company, inability to attract, recruit, retain, and motivate current and prospective employees or inability to maintain our company culture;
• unexpected expenses for cost of litigation or other legal proceedings related to the acquisition or the acquired company;
• conforming the acquired company’s standards, processes, procedures and controls with our operations, including integrating Enterprise Resource Planning (“ERP”) systems and other key business applications;
• coordinating new product and process development;
• increasing complexity from combining operations, including administrative functions, finance and human resources;
• increasing the scope, geographic diversity and complexity of our operations;
• difficulties in integrating operations across different cultures and languages and to address the particular economic, currency, political, and regulatory risks associated with specific countries;
• difficulties in integrating acquired technology;
• difficulties in coordinating and integrating geographically separated personnel, organizations, systems and facilities;
• difficulty managing customer transitions or entering into new markets;
• difficulties in consolidating facilities and transferring processes and know-how;
• diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns;
• temporary loss of productivity or operational efficiency;
• dilution of our current stockholders as a result of any issuance of equity securities as acquisition consideration;
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• adverse tax or accounting impact;
• expenditure of cash that would otherwise be available to operate our business; and
• indebtedness on terms that are unfavorable to us, limit our operational flexibility or that we are unable to repay.
In addition, following an acquisition, we may have difficulty forecasting the financial results of the combined company and the market price of our common stock could be adversely affected if the effect of any acquisitions on our consolidated financial results is dilutive or is below the market's or financial analysts' expectations, or if there are unanticipated changes in the business or financial performance of the target company or the combined company. Any failure to successfully integrate acquired businesses may disrupt our business and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Restructuring activities could disrupt our business and affect our results of operations.
We have taken steps, including implementing reductions in force and internal reorganizations, to reduce the cost of our operations, improve efficiencies, or realign our organization and staffing to better match our market opportunities and our technology development initiatives. We may take similar steps in the future as we seek to realize operating synergies, to achieve our target operating model and profitability objectives, or to reflect more closely changes in the strategic direction of our business or the evolution of our site strategy and workplace. These changes could be disruptive to our business, including our research and development efforts, and may result in the recording of special charges, including workforce reduction or restructuring costs. Substantial expense or charges resulting from restructuring activities could adversely affect our results of operations and use of cash in those periods in which we undertake such actions .
We may not be able to realize tax savings from our international structure, which could adversely affect our operating results.
During fiscal years 2023 and 2025, the Company completed international restructurings that included the intra-entity transfer of certain intellectual property and other assets used in the business among various subsidiaries. The structures implemented may be challenged by tax authorities, and if such challenges are successful, the tax consequence we expect to realize could be adversely impacted. If substantial modifications to our international structure or the way we operate our business are made, such as if future acquisitions or divestitures occur, if we or our customers or suppliers change our logistics, if changes in domestic and international tax laws negatively impact the structure, if we do not operate our business consistent with the structure and applicable tax provisions, if we fail to achieve our revenue and profit goals, or if the international structure or our application of arm’s-length principles to intercompany arrangements is successfully challenged by the U.S. or foreign tax authorities, our effective tax rate may increase, which could have an adverse effect on our operating and financial results.
Changes in tax laws could have an adverse effect on our business, cash flow, results of operations or financial conditions.
As a multinational corporation, we are subject to income taxes as well as non-income based taxes, in both the U.S. and various foreign jurisdictions. Significant uncertainties exist with respect to the amount of our tax liabilities, including those arising from potential changes in laws in the countries in which we do business and the possibility of adverse determinations with respect to the application of existing laws. Many judgments are required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities, and we are under audit by various tax authorities, which often do not agree with positions taken by us on our tax returns. Any unfavorable resolution of these uncertainties may have a significant adverse impact on our tax rate.
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (the “OECD”) has proposed changes to existing tax laws, including a proposed global minimum tax of 15%, also known as Pillar Two. Many countries, including European Union member states have adopted or are considering adopting legislation to enact these proposals. The OECD and participating jurisdictions have recently agreed to a “side-by-side” solution that exempts U.S.-parented multinational businesses, like us, from certain provisions of Pillar Two for fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2026. Any of these developments or changes in federal, state, or international tax laws or tax rulings could adversely affect our effective tax rate and our operating results. There can be no assurance that our effective tax rates, tax payments, or incentives will not be adversely affected by these or other developments or changes in law.
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On July 4, 2025, H.R.1, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”), was signed into law which contains a broad range of provisions affecting businesses including permanent extension of certain expiring provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, modifications to the international tax framework and the restoration of favorable tax treatment for certain business provisions. We have evaluated these changes during the three and six months ended December 27, 2025 and believe the impact to our tax provision during these periods is not material.
Other countries also continue to enact and consider enacting new laws, which could increase our tax obligations, cause us to change the way we do business or our operations or otherwise adversely affect us. The foregoing items could increase our future tax expense, could change our future intentions regarding reinvestment of foreign earnings, and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are also subject to the continuous examination of our income tax and other returns by the Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities globally, and we have a number of such reviews underway at any time. It is possible that tax authorities may disagree with certain positions we have taken, and an adverse outcome of such a review or audit could have a negative effect on our financial position and operating results. There can be no assurance that the outcomes from such examinations, or changes in tax law or regulation impacting our effective tax rates, will not have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our operating results may be subject to volatility due to fluctuations in foreign currency.
We are exposed to foreign exchange risks with regard to our international operations which may affect our operating results. Since we conduct business in currencies other than U.S. dollars but report our financial results in U.S. dollars, we face exposure to fluctuations in currency exchange rates. Due to these fluctuations, operating results may differ materially from expectations, and we may record significant gains or losses on the remeasurement of intercompany balances. Although we price our products primarily in U.S. dollars, a portion of our operating expenses are incurred in foreign currencies. For example, a portion of our expenses are denominated in the U.K. pound sterling, Chinese yuan and Thai baht. Fluctuations in the exchange rate between these currencies and other currencies in which we collect revenues and/or pay expenses could have a material effect on our future operating results. Recently, our exposure to foreign currencies has increased as our non-U.S. manufacturing footprint has expanded. We continue to look for opportunities to leverage the lower cost of non-U.S. manufacturing, including the United Kingdom, China, Thailand, and Japan. While these geographies are lower cost than the U.S. and such concentration will in general lower our total cost to manufacture, this increase in concentration in non-U.S. manufacturing will also increase the volatility of our results. If the value of the U.S. dollar depreciates relative to certain other foreign currencies, it would increase our costs including the cost of local operating expenses and procurement of materials or services that we purchase in foreign currencies, as expressed in U.S. dollars. Conversely, if the U.S. dollar strengthens relative to other currencies, such strengthening could raise the relative cost of our products to non-U.S. customers, especially as compared to foreign competitors, and could reduce demand. Global economic volatility has had a significant impact on the exchange markets, which heightened this risk, and we expect the higher level of volatility in foreign exchange markets will likely continue.
We may require additional capital to support business growth, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.
We intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges, including supporting the development and introduction of new products, addressing new markets, engaging in strategic transactions and partnerships, improving or expanding our operating infrastructure or acquiring complementary businesses and technologies. Investments, partnerships and acquisitions involve risks and uncertainties which could adversely affect our operating and financial results. In December 2019, we issued and sold a total of $1,050 million in aggregate principal amount of our 0.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 (the “2026 Notes”). In March 2022, we issued and sold a total of $861 million aggregate principal amount of our 0.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028 (the “2028 Notes”). In June 2023, we issued and sold a total of $603.7 million aggregate principal amount of our 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2029 (“2029 Notes”). In September 2025, we issued and sold a total of $1,265.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 0.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2032 (“2032 Notes”). In December 2025, we entered into a Credit Agreement providing for a senior secured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $400.0 million, including a $23.0 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit. We may in the future engage in additional equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through future issuances of equity, equity-linked or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our
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