FULLTEXT DEL 1 AV 5

10-K – 2026-02-24 – ntrs-20251231.htm

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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
____________________________________________________________
FORM 10-K
____________________________________________________________

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31 , 2025
OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                          to                          
Commission File No. 001-36609
____________________________________________________________
NORTHERN TRUST CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
____________________________________________________________

Delaware 36-2723087
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

50 South La Salle Street
Chicago, Illinois 60603
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: ( 312 )  630-6000
____________________________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class Trading Symbol Name of Each Exchange On Which Registered
Common Stock, $1.66 2/3 Par Value NTRS The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
Depositary Shares, each representing 1/1,000th interest in a share of Series E Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock NTRSO The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
____________________________________________________________
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.     Yes    ☒     No   ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes   ☐      No    ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.     Yes    ☒     No   ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).     Yes    ☒     No   ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒
Accelerated filer ☐ Emerging growth company ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐
Smaller reporting company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. □
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). □
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2).    Yes ☐     No   ☒
The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock as of June 30, 2025 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter), based upon the last sale price of the common stock at June 30, 2025 as reported by The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC, held by non-affiliates was approximately $ 24.1 billion. Determination of stock ownership by non-affiliates was made solely for the purpose of responding to this requirement and the registrant is not bound by this determination for any other purpose.
At January 31, 2026, 185,827,803 shares of common stock, $1.66 2/3 par value, were outstanding.
Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for its 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III hereof.

NORTHERN TRUST CORPORATION
FORM 10-K
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Page
PART I

Item 1 Business
1

Item 1A Risk Factors
13

Item 1B Unresolved Staff Comments
33

Item 1C Cybersecurity
34

Item 2 Properties
35

Item 3 Legal Proceedings
35

Item 4 Mine Safety Disclosures
35

Supplemental Item Information About Our Executive Officers
36

PART II

Item 5 Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
38

Item 6 Reserved
39

Item 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
40

Item 7A Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
88

Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
89

Item 9 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
165

Item 9A Controls and Procedures
165

Item 9B Other Information
167

Item 9C Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
167

PART III

Item 10 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
167

Item 11 Executive Compensation
167

Item 12 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
167

Item 13 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
167

Item 14 Principal Accountant Fees and Services
167

PART IV

Item 15 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
168

Item 16 Form 10-K Summary
171

Signatures
172

2025 ANNUAL REPORT | NORTHERN TRUST CORPORATION i

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

When the following terms and abbreviations appear in the text of this report, they have the meanings indicated below:

AFS Available for Sale
AIFMD Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive
ALCO Asset and Liability Management Committee
AMA Basel Advanced Measurement Approach
AML Anti-Money Laundering
AOCI Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
AS Asset Servicing
ASC Accounting Standards Codification
ASU Accounting Standards Update
AUC/A Assets Under Custody/Administration
AUM Assets Under Management
Bank The Northern Trust Company
Banking book Northern Trust’s structural assets, liabilities, net investments, and off-balance sheet instruments subject to interest rate risk and/or foreign currency risk. It is distinct from the trading book.
Basel Committee International Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
Basel III Industry-standard guidelines published by the Basel Committee
Basel III Endgame Proposal Proposed rule issued by U.S. banking agencies to implement the Basel III endgame agreement for large banks
BMR European Union Benchmarks Regulation
Brexit The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union
BRRD Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (EU)
Risk Committee Risk Committee of the Board of Directors
CCAR Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review
CCPA California Consumer Privacy Act, as amended

CFPB Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
CFTC U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission
Corporation Northern Trust Corporation
CRA Community Reinvestment Act
CRC Credit Risk Committee
CRD Capital Requirements Directive of June 26, 2013 (EU)
CRO Chief Risk Officer
CRR Capital Requirements Regulation of June 26, 2013 (EU)
CSD Central Securities Depositories
CSDR Central Securities Depositories Regulation (EU)
CSSF Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (Luxembourg)
DFAST Dodd-Frank Act Stress Tests
DGS Deposit Guarantee Schemes
DGSD Deposit Guarantee Schemes Directive
DIF Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’s Deposit Insurance Fund
Dodd-Frank Act Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
ECB European Central Bank
EEA European Economic Area
EMIR European Market Infrastructure Regulation 648/2012
EOP End of Period
ESG Environmental, Social and Governance
EU European Union
Exchange Act Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended

ii 2025 ANNUAL REPORT | NORTHERN TRUST CORPORATION

GLOSSARY OF TERMS (continued)

FASB Financial Accounting Standards Board
FCA Financial Conduct Authority
FDIA Federal Deposit Insurance Act
FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Federal Reserve Board The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
FICC Fixed Income Clearing Corporation
FinCEN Financial Crimes Enforcement Network
FINRA Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
FRC Fiduciary Risk Committee
FTE Fully Taxable Equivalent
FTP Funds Transfer Pricing
FX Foreign Exchange
GAAP Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
GDPR General Data Protection Regulation
GERC Global Enterprise Risk Committee
GFX Global Foreign Exchange

GSIB Global Systemically Important Banks
HTM Held to Maturity
HQLAs High-Quality Liquid Assets

Investment Advisers Act Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended
IR Interest Rate
IRD Interest Rate Derivative
ITRC Information Technology Risk Committee
LCR Liquidity Coverage Ratio
LCR Final Rule Regulation promulgated by U.S. federal banking regulators to implement LCR requirements in the United States for certain banking organizations.
LGD Loss Given Default
LIBOR London Interbank Offered Rate
LIBOR Act Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act

LTV Loan-to-Collateral Value
MD&A Management’s Discussion and Analysis
MIFID Market in Financial Instruments Directive
MIFIR Markets in Financial Instruments Regulation
MLD5 Fifth EU Money Laundering Directive
MLRC Market & Liquidity Risk Committee
MREL Minimum requirements for own funds and eligible liabilities (EU)
MROC Model Risk Oversight Committee
MSDC Macroeconomic Scenario Development Committee
MVE Market Value of Equity
NAICS North American Industry Classification System
NAV Net Asset Value
NFA National Futures Association

NII Net Interest Income
N/M Not Meaningful
NSFR Net Stable Funding Ratio requirement in the United States
NSFR Final Rule Regulation promulgated by U.S. federal banking regulators to implement NSFR requirements in the United States for certain banking organizations.
OFAC U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control

2025 ANNUAL REPORT | NORTHERN TRUST CORPORATION iii

GLOSSARY OF TERMS (continued)

ORC Operational Risk Committee
OREO Other Real Estate Owned
OTC Over-the-Counter
PD Probability of Default
PIPL Personal Information Protection Law (China)
PRA Prudential Regulation Authority
ROU Right-of-Use
RWA Risk-Weighted Assets
SEC U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Series D Preferred Stock Series D Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock
Series E Preferred Stock Series E Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock
SOFR Secured Overnight Finance Rate

SFDR Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulations (EU)
SRD II Shareholder Rights Directive (EU)
SFTR Securities Financing Transactions and Reuse of Collateral
Taxonomy Regulations
Regulation (EU) 2020/852

Trading book Foreign (non-U.S.) currency trading positions subject to foreign currency risk, as well as trading securities and interest rate derivative transactions, both subject to interest rate risk.
UCITS Undertakings for the Collective Investment in Transferable Securities
UK United Kingdom
UK GDPR General Data Protection Regulation in the UK

VaR Value-at-Risk
VIE Variable Interest Entity
WM Wealth Management

iv 2025 ANNUAL REPORT | NORTHERN TRUST CORPORATION

PART I

ITEM 1 – BUSINESS
Northern Trust Corporation
Northern Trust Corporation (the “Corporation”) is a leading provider of wealth management, asset servicing, asset management and banking solutions to corporations, institutions, families and individuals. The Corporation is a financial holding company conducting business through various U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries, including The Northern Trust Company (Bank).
The Bank is an Illinois banking corporation headquartered in Chicago and the Corporation’s principal subsidiary. Founded in 1889, the Bank conducts its business through its U.S. operations and its various U.S. and non-U.S. branches and subsidiaries. At December 31, 2025, the Bank had consolidated assets of $176.4 billion and common bank equity capital of $11.4 billion.
The Corporation was formed as a holding company for the Bank in 1971. The Corporation has a global presence with offices in 24 U.S. states and Washington, D.C., and across 22 locations in Canada, Europe, the Middle East and the Asia-Pacific region. At December 31, 2025, the Corporation had consolidated total assets of $177.1 billion and stockholders’ equity of $13.0 billion.
The Corporation expects that the Bank will continue in the foreseeable future to be the major source of the Corporation’s consolidated assets, revenues, and net income. Except where the context otherwise requires, references to “Northern Trust,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “its,” or similar terms mean Northern Trust Corporation and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.
Business Overview
Northern Trust focuses on managing and servicing client assets through its two client-focused reporting segments: Asset Servicing and Wealth Management. Asset management and related services are provided to Asset Servicing and Wealth Management clients primarily by the Asset Management business. The revenue and expenses of Asset Management and certain other support functions are allocated fully to Asset Servicing and Wealth Management. Northern Trust reports certain income and expense items not allocated to Asset Servicing and Wealth Management in Other.
ASSET SERVICING
Asset Servicing (AS) is a leading global provider of asset servicing and related services to corporate and public retirement funds, foundations, endowments, fund managers, insurance companies, sovereign wealth funds, and other institutional investors around the globe. Asset servicing and related services encompass a full range of capabilities including but not limited to: custody; fund administration; investment operations outsourcing; investment management; investment risk and analytical services; employee benefit services; securities lending; foreign exchange; treasury management; brokerage services; transition management services; banking; and cash management. Client relationships are managed through the Bank and the Bank’s and the Corporation’s other subsidiaries, including support from locations in North America, Europe, the Middle East, and the Asia-Pacific region. At December 31, 2025, total Asset Servicing assets under custody/administration (AUC/A), assets under custody, and assets under management (AUM) were $17.4 trillion, $13.6 trillion, and $1.3 trillion, respectively.
WEALTH MANAGEMENT
Wealth Management (WM) focuses on high-net-worth individuals and families, business owners, executives, professionals, retirees, and established privately-held businesses in its target markets. In supporting these targeted segments, Wealth Management provides trust, investment management, custody, and philanthropic services; financial consulting; guardianship and estate administration; family business consulting; family financial education; brokerage services; and private and business banking. Wealth Management also includes Global Family Office, which provides customized services, including but not limited to: investment management; global custody; fiduciary; private banking; family office consulting; and technology solutions to meet the complex financial and reporting needs of family offices across the globe.
Wealth Management is one of the largest providers of advisory services in the United States, with AUC/A, assets under custody, and AUM of $1.3 trillion, $1.3 trillion, and $507.2 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2025. Wealth Management services are delivered by multidisciplinary teams through a network of offices in 19 U.S. states and Washington, D.C., as well as offices in London, Guernsey, Singapore, and Abu Dhabi.

2025 ANNUAL REPORT | NORTHERN TRUST CORPORATION 1

ASSET MANAGEMENT
Asset Management, through the Corporation’s various subsidiaries, supports the Asset Servicing and Wealth Management reporting segments by providing a broad range of asset management and related services and other products to clients around the world. Investment solutions are delivered through separately managed accounts, bank common and collective funds, registered investment companies, exchange traded funds, non-U.S. collective investment funds, and unregistered private investment funds. Asset Management’s capabilities include active and passive equity; active and passive fixed income; cash management; multi-asset and alternative asset classes (such as private equity and hedge funds of funds); and multi-manager advisory services and products. Asset Management’s activities also include overlay services and other risk management services. Asset Management operates internationally through subsidiaries and distribution arrangements and its revenue and expense are fully allocated to Asset Servicing and Wealth Management. As discussed above, Northern Trust managed $1.8 trillion in assets as of December 31, 2025, including $1.3 trillion for Asset Servicing clients and $507.2 billion for Wealth Management clients.
Competition
Northern Trust faces a number of competitors across its businesses. Competition comes from other financial services organizations, both regulated and unregulated, whose products and services may span the markets in which Northern Trust conducts operations. Our competitors include a broad range of financial institutions and service companies, including other custodial banks, investment counseling firms, deposit-taking institutions, asset management firms, benefits consultants, trust companies, investment banking firms, insurance companies, and various financial technology companies, including software providers and data services firms. As our businesses grow and markets evolve, we may encounter increasing and new forms of competition around the world.
Northern Trust’s growth strategy is to leverage our differentiators to serve targeted client segments with specialized solutions in select geographies. Northern Trust’s differentiators are our: trusted brand, deep expertise, tailored technology, proven relationships and network and strong balance sheet. Northern Trust emphasizes the development and growth of scalable, sustainable fee-based income. Northern Trust will continue to enable its strategy through significant investments in talent and culture, technology, data, AI and operational excellence.
Economic Conditions And Government Policies
The earnings of Northern Trust are affected by numerous external influences. Chief among these are general economic conditions, both domestic and international, and actions that governments and their central banks take in managing their economies. These general conditions affect all of Northern Trust’s businesses, as well as the quality, value, and profitability of its loan and investment portfolios.
The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Federal Reserve Board) implements monetary policy through its open market operations in United States Government securities, its setting of the discount rate at which member banks may borrow from Federal Reserve Banks, and its changes in the reserve requirements for deposits. The policies adopted by the Federal Reserve Board directly affect interest rates and therefore what banks earn on their loans and investments and what they pay on their savings and time deposits and other purchased funds.
Supervision and Regulation
Northern Trust is subject to extensive regulation and supervision under state and federal laws in the United States and in each of the jurisdictions in which it does business. The descriptions below outline significant elements of selected laws and regulations applicable to Northern Trust and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the particular statutory or regulatory provisions summarized. These descriptions do not summarize all laws and regulations applicable to Northern Trust or all possible or proposed changes to such laws or regulations and are not intended to be a substitute for the related statutes or regulatory provisions.
Changes in laws or regulations applicable to Northern Trust may have a material effect on its businesses and results of operations. The scope of the laws and regulations, and the intensity of the supervision to which Northern Trust is subject have increased in recent years, initially in response to the financial crisis, and more recently in light of other factors, including the banking turmoil in early 2023, technological factors, and market changes. Regulatory enforcement and fines have also increased across the banking and financial services sector. Northern Trust expects that its business will remain subject to extensive regulation and heightened supervision.

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FINANCIAL HOLDING COMPANY REGULATION
Under U.S. law, the Corporation is a bank holding company that has elected to be a financial holding company subject to the supervision, examination, and regulation of the Federal Reserve Board. A financial holding company is permitted to engage in a broader range of financial activities than a bank holding company. The Federal Reserve Board has authority to limit the activities that a financial holding company may conduct if any depository institution controlled by the financial holding company is found to no longer be “well-capitalized” or “well-managed” or has not received at least a “satisfactory” rating in its most recent Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) examination. Failure to meet one or more of these requirements may result in restrictions on the Corporation’s ability to exercise powers granted to financial holding companies, to engage in new activities, to continue current activities, or to make acquisitions. The Bank Holding Company Act also requires a bank holding company to obtain prior approval from the Federal Reserve Board before it acquires substantially all the assets of any bank, or ownership or control of more than 5% of the voting shares of any bank.
SUBSIDIARY REGULATION
The Bank is a member of the Federal Reserve System, with deposits insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) up to the federal deposit insurance limits, and is subject to regulation by both agencies. As an Illinois banking corporation, the Bank is also subject to Illinois state laws and regulations and to examination and supervision by the Division of Banking of the Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation. The Bank is also registered as a transfer agent with the Federal Reserve Board and is registered as a swap dealer with the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) under the Commodity Exchange Act. As a result, the Bank is subject to supervision, examination and enforcement by certain other regulatory bodies, including the CFTC and the National Futures Association (NFA). The Corporation’s nonbanking affiliates are subject to regulation by the Federal Reserve Board and, in certain circumstances, other functional regulators, as discussed in greater detail below.
ENHANCED PRUDENTIAL STANDARDS
Under the Federal Reserve Board’s tailoring rules, the Corporation is subject to the enhanced prudential standards applicable to Category II banking organizations. As a Category II banking organization, the Corporation must submit annual capital plans to the Federal Reserve Board, conduct supervisory and internal periodic stress tests to evaluate capital adequacy in adverse economic conditions, maintain enhanced risk management procedures, and comply with a liquidity risk management framework (discussed below in “Liquidity Standards”) and single counterparty credit limits, and conduct liquidity stress tests. The Corporation is not subject to all of the standards applicable to U.S. bank holding companies that are global systemically important bank holding companies (GSIBs), such as the total loss-absorbing capacity requirement, capital surcharge, enhanced supplementary leverage ratio, or additional single counterparty credit limits.
LONG-TERM DEBT AND CLEAN HOLDING COMPANY REQUIREMENTS
In 2023, the U.S. banking regulators proposed a rule that would require banking organizations with $100 billion or more in total assets to comply with Long-Term Debt requirements and clean holding company requirements similar to those that currently apply only to GSIBs. This proposal would also impose a Long-Term Debt requirement on certain categories of insured depository institutions that are not consolidated subsidiaries of U.S. GSIBs, including insured depository institutions with $100 billion or more in total assets, such as the Bank. If adopted, this proposal would require the Corporation and the Bank to each maintain a minimum outstanding eligible Long-Term Debt amount of no less than the greatest of (i) 6% of risk-weighted assets (RWA), (ii) 2.5% of total leverage exposure, and (iii) 3.5% of average total consolidated assets. The Bank would be required to issue the minimum amount of eligible Long-Term Debt to the Corporation, and the Corporation would be required to issue the minimum amount of eligible Long-Term Debt externally. In addition, if adopted as proposed, the clean holding company requirement would limit or prohibit the Corporation from entering into certain transactions that could impede its orderly resolution, including, for example, prohibiting the Corporation from entering into transactions that could spread losses to subsidiaries and third parties, as well as limiting the amount of the Corporation’s liabilities that are not eligible Long-Term Debt. The timing and form of any final rule implementing the Long-Term Debt and clean holding company requirements is uncertain.
RESOLUTION PLANNING
As required by Section 165(d) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act), the Corporation is required to submit periodically to the Federal Reserve Board and FDIC a resolution plan for its rapid and orderly resolution in the event of material financial distress or failure. In August 2024, the Federal Reserve Board and FDIC issued final joint guidance on resolution planning requirements applicable to the Corporation under Section 165(d). The Corporation’s most recent 165(d) plan was submitted timely to the FDIC and Federal Reserve Board by October 1, 2025. The Corporation’s next 165(d) plan submission is a targeted resolution plan due July 1, 2028, with future resolution plans due every three years after that, alternating between full and targeted resolution plans, pursuant to the rule.

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In addition, the Bank, as an insured depository institution, is required to submit to the FDIC periodic plans for resolution in the event of its failure. In June 2024, the FDIC adopted a final rule that would require covered insured depository institutions, such as the Bank, to submit a full resolution plan to the FDIC every three years and submit an interim supplement in each year that it is not required to submit a full resolution plan. The final rule increases the content requirements for plan submissions and introduces a new credibility standard for the FDIC’s evaluation of resolution plans, which would be enforceable against the covered insured depository institutions. In December 2025, the FDIC provided an update that it plans to propose changes to the final rule in 2026, including codifying the content requirement exemptions and frequently asked questions (FAQs) associated with the modified approach it set out in April 2025. The Bank submitted its most recent interim supplement timely by July 1, 2025. The Bank’s full resolution plan is due July 1, 2026.
Separately, the European Union Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD) sets out the framework for the recovery and resolution of European Union (EU) credit institutions and systemically-important investment firms, including certain of the Bank’s subsidiaries and branches. The BRRD establishes a set of harmonized rules for early intervention measures, recovery and resolution planning, bail-in powers and requirements for total loss absorbing capital for EU institutions, collectively known as minimum requirements for own funds and eligible liabilities (MREL). Northern Trust Global Services SE, a Luxembourg-incorporated indirect subsidiary of the Bank, is authorized by the European Central Bank (ECB) and subject to the prudential supervision of the Luxembourg Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF). As such, Northern Trust Global Services SE falls within the scope of the BRRD and its recovery and resolution planning is overseen by the CSSF and the CSSF Resolution Board.
The United Kingdom (UK) has established a special resolution regime and a resolvability assessment framework overseen by the Bank of England (as the UK resolution authority) with many similar features to the BRRD, which was substantially retained as part of UK law following the withdrawal of the UK from the EU. The special resolution regime applies to firms that are permitted to accept deposits under Part 4A of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000. As such, the London branch of the Bank, as a UK branch of a third-country institution that accepts deposits, falls within the scope of the special resolution regime.
ORDERLY LIQUIDATION AUTHORITY
Under the Dodd-Frank Act, certain financial companies, such as the Corporation and certain of its covered subsidiaries, can be subjected to an orderly liquidation authority if in default or danger of default and their resolution under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code would have serious adverse effects on financial stability in the United States, among other requirements set by statute. If the Corporation were subject to orderly liquidation authority, the FDIC would be appointed as its receiver, which would give the FDIC considerable powers to resolve the Corporation. Absent such actions, the Corporation, as a bank holding company, would remain subject to the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.
THE VOLCKER RULE
The Volcker Rule generally prohibits banking entities, including the Bank and its affiliates, from engaging in proprietary trading, subject to certain exemptions and exclusions, such as for market-making, hedging, certain trading activities in U.S. and foreign sovereign debt, and trading activities related to liquidity management. The Volcker Rule also prohibits certain investments in, and relationships with, covered funds as defined in the Volcker Rule, such as hedge funds, private equity funds and similar funds, subject to a number of exemptions and exclusions. Northern Trust maintains an enterprise-wide compliance program to comply with the Volcker Rule.
HOLDING COMPANY AS A SOURCE OF STRENGTH
The Corporation, as a bank holding company, is required to serve as a source of financial and managerial strength to its depository institution subsidiary. Under this requirement, the Corporation could be required to commit resources to the Bank should the Bank experience financial distress.
PAYMENT OF DIVIDENDS
The Corporation may pay dividends, repurchase stock, and make other capital distributions only in accordance with the capital plan rules and capital adequacy standards of the Federal Reserve Board, including the stress capital buffer requirement, discussed further in “Capital Adequacy Requirements” below. Dividends from the Bank are a significant source of funds for the Corporation, and the Corporation’s ability to pay dividends on its common stock therefore depends in part on the ability of the Bank to pay sufficient dividends to the Corporation.
Various other federal and state laws and regulations limit the amount of dividends that may be paid by the Bank to the Corporation without regulatory consent. The Bank may not pay any dividends if it is undercapitalized, or if the payment of the dividend would cause it to become undercapitalized. In general, the amount of dividends that may be paid in a calendar year is limited to its “retained net income” (the current year’s net income combined with the retained net income of the two preceding years), or its “undivided profits” (generally, accumulated net profits that have not been paid out as dividends or transferred to surplus), whichever is less. The ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Corporation may also be affected by the capital adequacy standards applicable to the Bank (discussed further below), which include minimum requirements and buffers.

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CAPITAL PLANNING AND STRESS TESTING
The Corporation’s capital distributions are subject to the Federal Reserve Board’s capital plan rules, which require the Corporation to submit an annual capital plan to the Federal Reserve Board for review.
The major components of that oversight are the Federal Reserve Board’s Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review (CCAR) and Dodd-Frank Act Stress Tests (DFAST). These requirements involve both company-run and supervisory-run testing of capital under various scenarios, including baseline and severely adverse scenarios provided by the appropriate banking regulator.
Under the DFAST regulations, the Corporation is required to undergo regulatory stress tests conducted by the Federal Reserve Board annually. In October 2025, the Federal Reserve proposed revisions to its supervisory stress testing framework through two related proposals designed to enhance the transparency and public accountability of its annual stress test (the Stress Testing Transparency Proposal). The first proposal solicits comments on the Federal Reserve’s stress test models, scenario design framework and an enhanced disclosure process under which the Federal Reserve would annually publish and invite public comment on stress test scenarios, models and material changes to those models. The second proposal solicits comments on the scenarios for the 2026 supervisory stress test.
The Bank also is required to conduct its own annual internal stress test (although it is permitted to combine certain reporting and disclosure of its stress test results with the results of the Corporation). Results from the Corporation’s and the Bank’s annual company-run stress tests are reported to the appropriate regulators and made publicly available. Northern Trust published the results of its most recent company-run stress tests on July 1, 2025.
CAPITAL ADEQUACY REQUIREMENTS
The Corporation, as a bank holding company, is subject to risk-based and leverage capital guidelines implemented by the Federal Reserve Board that are based on industry-standard guidelines published by the International Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (Basel Committee), known as Basel III. The Bank, as an FDIC-insured depository institution, is also required to meet risk-based and leverage capital guidelines established by regulators that are generally similar to those established by the Federal Reserve Board for bank holding companies.
Under the Basel III rules, the Corporation, with the Bank, is a “core” banking organization that is required to use the advanced approaches methodologies to calculate and disclose publicly its risk-based capital ratios. The Corporation also is subject to a capital floor that is based on the Basel III standardized approach to calculating risk-based capital ratios. The Corporation is therefore required to calculate its risk-based capital ratios under both the standardized and advanced approaches, and is subject to the more stringent of the two in the assessment of its capital adequacy.
In 2023, the U.S. banking agencies issued a proposed rule to implement the Basel III endgame agreement for large banks (Basel III Endgame Proposal). The Federal Reserve announced in September 2024 that it would publish a re-proposal of its regulations finalizing the Basel III standards. That re-proposal is expected in early 2026. The potential impacts on the Corporation and the Bank of a final rule remain uncertain until a final rule is published.
The Bank’s risk-based and leverage capital ratios at December 31, 2025, were well above the regulatory requirements established by U.S. banking regulators. The risk-based and leverage capital ratios for the Corporation and the Bank, together with the regulatory minimum ratios and the ratios required for classification as “well-capitalized,” are provided in the following chart.
TABLE 1: RISK-BASED AND LEVERAGE CAPITAL RATIOS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025

COMMON EQUITY
TIER 1 CAPITAL TIER 1 CAPITAL TOTAL CAPITAL TIER 1 LEVERAGE SUPPLEMENTARY LEVERAGE
STANDARDIZED
APPROACH ADVANCED
APPROACH STANDARDIZED
APPROACH ADVANCED
APPROACH STANDARDIZED
APPROACH ADVANCED
APPROACH STANDARDIZED
APPROACH ADVANCED
APPROACH ADVANCED
APPROACH
Northern Trust Corporation 12.6  % 15.0  % 13.5  % 16.0  % 16.1  % 18.8  % 7.8  % 7.8  % 8.7  %
The Northern Trust Company 12.1  % 14.6  % 12.1  % 14.6  % 14.3  % 17.0  % 6.9  % 6.9  % 7.7  %
Minimum required ratio 4.5  % 4.5  % 6.0  % 6.0  % 8.0  % 8.0  % 4.0  % 4.0  % 3.0  %
“Well-capitalized” minimum ratios, as applicable
Northern Trust Corporation N/A N/A 6.0  % 6.0  % 10.0  % 10.0  % N/A N/A N/A
The Northern Trust Company 6.5  % 6.5  % 8.0  % 8.0  % 10.0  % 10.0  % 5.0  % 5.0  % 3.0  %

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Advanced approaches institutions, such as the Corporation and the Bank, are subject to a minimum supplementary leverage ratio of 3.0%. Advanced approaches institutions that are insured depository institutions, such as the Bank, also must maintain at least a 3.0% supplementary leverage ratio to be considered “well-capitalized.” The Corporation is also subject to a stress capital buffer, which integrates forward-looking stress test results with non-stress capital requirements, and the Bank is also subject to a capital conservation buffer, which respectively requires the Corporation and the Bank to hold a buffer of Common Equity Tier 1 capital above the minimum risk-based capital requirements in order to avoid constraints on dividends, equity repurchases and compensation. The minimum capital buffer requirement for advanced approaches banking organizations, such as the Corporation and the Bank, is 2.5%.
A “countercyclical buffer” of 0% to 2.5% of a banking organization’s total RWA for advanced approaches banking organizations, such as the Corporation, is also a component of the capital adequacy framework. In general, the amount of the countercyclical capital buffer is a weighted average of the countercyclical capital buffer established in the various jurisdictions in which the banking organization has credit exposures. The U.S. countercyclical buffer is currently set at 0%.
In April 2025, the Federal Reserve issued a proposed rule to reduce volatility in the stress capital buffer (SCB) requirement, primarily through the averaging of the decline in a firm’s Common Equity Tier 1 capital over a two-year horizon (current and prior year). The proposal would also extend the annual effective date of each firm’s stress capital buffer requirement by one quarter, from October 1 to January 1.
The results of the 2025 DFAST, published by the Federal Reserve Board on June 27, 2025, resulted in Northern Trust’s stress capital buffer and effective Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio minimum requirement remaining constant at 2.5% and 7.0%, respectively, for the annual capital plan cycle, which began on October 1, 2025 and continues through September 30, 2026. On February 4, 2026, the Federal Reserve notified the Corporation that because the Stress Testing Transparency Proposal remains subject to public comment, absent further action from the Federal Reserve, the Corporation’s stress capital buffer requirement will remain at 2.5% until September 30, 2027.
LIQUIDITY STANDARDS
Northern Trust is subject to the U.S. liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) requirement, which is designed to ensure that covered banking organizations, including the Corporation and the Bank, maintain an adequate level of unencumbered high-quality liquid assets equal to their expected net cash outflow for a 30-day time horizon under a prescribed regulatory liquidity stress scenario. As of December 31, 2025, the Corporation and the Bank were in compliance with applicable LCR requirements.
Northern Trust also is subject to the U.S. net stable funding ratio (NSFR) requirement, designed to promote more medium- and long-term funding of the assets and activities of banking entities over a one-year time horizon. As of December 31, 2025, the Corporation and the Bank were in compliance with applicable NSFR requirements. In addition, Northern Trust publicly discloses certain qualitative and quantitative information about its NSFR consistent with the semi-annual disclosure requirements of the Federal Reserve Board’s final rule on U.S. NSFR disclosure.
As noted above, the enhanced prudential standards impose additional liquidity requirements for large bank holding companies. The Corporation, a Category II institution under the final tailoring rule, is subject to the liquidity risk management, monthly liquidity stress testing, liquidity buffer, and daily liquidity reporting requirements.
PROMPT CORRECTIVE ACTION
Federal banking regulators are required to take “prompt corrective action” with respect to a depository institution if that institution does not meet certain capital adequacy standards, and are also authorized to take appropriate action against a parent bank holding company of an under-capitalized banking subsidiary. In certain instances, the Corporation could be required to guarantee the performance of a capital restoration plan for the Bank if it were under-capitalized.
RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS WITH AFFILIATES
The Bank is subject to restrictions governing covered transactions between it and its affiliated entities, including the Corporation, the Bank’s affiliates, and the Corporation’s subsidiaries. These transactions must be on terms and conditions that are, or in good faith would be, offered to nonaffiliated companies (i.e., on terms not less favorable to the Bank than market terms). Further, extensions of credit must be secured fully with qualifying collateral, while all covered transactions with affiliates are limited to 10% of the Bank’s capital and surplus for transactions with a single affiliate and to 20% of the Bank’s capital and surplus for transactions with all affiliates.

6 2025 ANNUAL REPORT | NORTHERN TRUST CORPORATION

SWAPS AND OTHER DERIVATIVES
Northern Trust is subject to comprehensive regulation of its derivatives businesses, including regulations that impose margin requirements, business conduct requirements, trade reporting, central clearing and mandatory trading on regulated exchanges or execution facilities for certain types of swaps and security-based swaps. CFTC and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) rules require registration of swap dealers and security-based swap dealers, respectively, and impose numerous obligations on such registrants, including adherence to business conduct standards for all in-scope instruments. The Bank is registered with the CFTC as a swap dealer and is subject to CFTC and NFA rules and supervision related to its swaps business. Swap dealers regulated by a prudential regulator, like the Bank, are subject to uncleared swap margin requirements and minimum capital requirements established by the prudential regulators. The Corporation has not registered and does not expect that it, or any of its affiliates, will be required to register as a security-based swap dealer with the SEC.
In addition, certain nonbanking affiliates, including Northern Trust Investments, Inc., are registered with the CFTC as commodity trading advisors and/or commodity pool operators, or are operating under certain exemptions from such registration pursuant to CFTC rules and other guidance. Commodity pool operators have certain responsibilities with respect to each pool they operate or advise.
BROKER-DEALER AND INVESTMENT ADVISER REGULATION
Northern Trust Securities, Inc. is registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC and is a member of various self-regulatory organizations, including the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (FINRA). Broker-dealers are subject to laws and regulations relating to all aspects of their securities business operations, including, but not limited to, sales and trading practices, securities offerings, handling of customer funds, net capital levels, recordkeeping, privacy requirements, and the conduct of directors, officers, and employees. Broker-dealers are also regulated by securities administrators in those states where they do business. Northern Trust Securities, Inc. is also registered with the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB) as a municipal securities dealer and subject to regulation as such.
Northern Trust Securities, Inc. and other subsidiaries of the Corporation are registered with the SEC as investment advisers and are subject to regulation by the SEC. The Corporation’s registered investment advisers in the United States are subject to the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the Investment Advisers Act), and SEC rules and regulations thereunder, including with respect to record-keeping, operational and marketing requirements, disclosure obligations, fiduciary and other obligations and prohibitions on fraudulent activities, and other applicable state and federal laws and regulations, including anti-fraud laws. The SEC is authorized to institute proceedings and impose sanctions for violations of the Investment Advisers Act, ranging from fines and censure to termination of an investment adviser’s registration. Noncompliance with the Investment Advisers Act or other federal and state securities laws and regulations could result in investigations, sanctions, disgorgement, termination of an investment adviser’s registration, fines and/or reputational harm.
ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING, ANTI-TERRORISM LEGISLATION, AND OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL
Certain subsidiaries of the Corporation are subject to the Bank Secrecy Act of 1970, as amended by the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 and Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 and implemented in the regulations of the federal banking regulators and the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), which requires banks and other financial institutions to comply with anti-money laundering (AML) and financial transparency requirements, such as conducting due diligence, verifying client and beneficial owner identification, and monitoring client transactions and detecting and reporting suspicious activities. AML laws outside the United States contain similar requirements. The Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 includes the Corporate Transparency Act, which requires FinCEN to issue regulations requiring reporting of and access to beneficial ownership information of legal entities and amendments to related customer due diligence requirements for financial institutions.
The U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) and U.S. Department of State administer and enforce U.S. economic sanctions laws and regulations, which prohibit the Corporation and its subsidiaries from engaging in certain transactions and dealings including business in or with certain jurisdictions and parties that are the target of U.S. economic sanctions, such as organizations and countries suspected of aiding, harboring or engaging in terrorist acts or undermining the sovereignty and territorial integrity of democratic countries. If the Corporation or the Bank finds a sanctioned name or jurisdiction on any transaction, asset or account, the Corporation or the Bank may be required to reject or block such account or transaction and notify the appropriate authorities.
Failure to comply with these requirements could result in fines, penalties, lawsuits, regulatory sanctions or difficulties in obtaining approvals, restrictions on their business activities or harm to reputation. Many other countries have imposed similar laws and regulations that apply to the Corporation’s non-U.S. offices. The Corporation has established policies and procedures to comply with these laws and the related regulations.

2025 ANNUAL REPORT | NORTHERN TRUST CORPORATION 7

DEPOSIT INSURANCE AND ASSESSMENTS
The Bank accepts deposits and eligible deposits have the benefit of FDIC insurance up to the standard maximum deposit insurance amount, which is currently $250,000 for each ownership right and capacity under which the eligible deposit accounts are maintained. Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (FDIA), insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that the insured depository institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition, or has violated laws, regulations, or orders from a regulatory agency.
The FDIC’s Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF) is funded by assessments on FDIC-insured depository institutions. The FDIC assesses premiums based on an assessment rate and an assessment base. An insured depository institution’s assessment base considers average consolidated total assets, less the average tangible equity of the insured depository institution during the assessment period. The assessment base of custody banks is adjusted to exclude certain liquid assets from total average assets. To qualify as a custody bank, certain institutional eligibility criteria must be met. The Bank qualifies as a custody bank for this purpose. The FDIC utilizes a risk-based system to determine each institution’s assessment rate. The assessment rate schedule can change from time to time at the discretion of the FDIC, subject to certain limits.
The FDIC, as required under the FDIA, established a plan in September 2020 to restore the DIF reserve ratio to meet or exceed the statutory minimum of 1.35% within eight years. The FDIC determined that the reserve ratio exceeded the statutory minimum as of June 30, 2025. Consequently, the FDIC stopped operating under a Restoration Plan as of the third quarter of 2025. The FDIC maintained the long-term target reserve ratio for the DIF, referred to as the Designated Reserve Ratio, at 2.00% for 2025.
In 2023, the FDIC issued a final rule to implement a special assessment to recoup losses to the DIF associated with bank failures in the first half of 2023. The assessment base for the special assessment is equal to an insured depository institution’s estimated uninsured domestic office deposits reported as of December 31, 2022, adjusted to exclude the first $5 billion of uninsured domestic office deposits. The special assessment will be collected over eight quarterly assessment periods, beginning in 2024. In December 2025, the FDIC issued an interim final rule that would reduce the payment rate applied to the assessment base for the eighth and final collection quarter. Under the interim final rule, upon termination of the receiverships, the FDIC will either provide an offset to regular quarterly deposit insurance assessments for insured depository institutions subject to the special assessment if the amount collected exceeds losses or collect from insured depository institutions subject to the special assessment a one-time final shortfall special assessment if losses at the termination of the receiverships exceed the amount collected. In conjunction with the FDIC special assessment rules, Northern Trust has accrued a total of $83.4 million.
COMMUNITY REINVESTMENT ACT
The Bank is subject to the CRA. The CRA and the regulations issued thereunder are intended to encourage banks to help meet the credit needs of their service areas, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods and persons, consistent with the safe and sound operations of the banks. For purposes of the CRA, the Bank operates under a “wholesale” designation granted by the Federal Reserve Board and fulfills its CRA obligations by making qualified investments for the purposes of community development. The Bank received an “outstanding” CRA rating from the Federal Reserve Board in its most recent CRA examination.
DATA PRIVACY AND SECURITY
Federal law establishes a minimum federal standard of financial privacy by, among other provisions, requiring financial institutions to adopt, disclose, and enforce privacy policies with respect to consumer information, setting limitations on disclosure to third parties of consumer information, setting standards for protecting client information and preventing unlawful access to such information, and requiring notice of data breaches in certain circumstances. For example, the Federal Trade Commission has the authority to regulate and enforce against unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce, including acts and practices with respect to data privacy and security, and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act regulates the confidentiality and security of customer information obtained by financial institutions and certain other types of financial services businesses.

8 2025 ANNUAL REPORT | NORTHERN TRUST CORPORATION