10-Q – 2026-07-30 – hood-20260630.htm

We track certain operational metrics using internal company data gathered on an analytics platform that we developed and operate, including metrics such as Funded Customers, Total Platform Assets, Net Deposits, and Robinhood Gold Subscribers, as well as cohorts of our customers, which have not been validated by any independent third party and which might differ from estimates or similar metrics published by other parties due to differences in sources, methodologies, or the assumptions on which we rely. Our internal systems and tools are subject to a number of limitations and our methodologies for tracking these metrics have changed in the past and might change further over time, which could result in unexpected changes to our metrics or otherwise cause the comparability of such metrics from period to period to suffer, including the metrics we publicly disclose. In addition, if the internal systems and tools we use to track these metrics undercount or overcount performance or contain algorithmic or other technical errors, the data we report might not be accurate. While these numbers are based on what we believe to
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be reasonable estimates of our metrics for the applicable period of measurement, there are inherent challenges in measuring how our platforms are used across large populations globally. Further, with our acquisition of TradePMR in February 2025, we are clearing through a third party for TradePMR related accounts and using data collected by that third party to compute certain metrics. So, for TradePMR-related accounts only, if the third-party systems and tools we use to track this data undercount or overcount performance or contain algorithmic or other technical errors, the relevant metrics we report that rely on such data might not be accurate. You should not place undue reliance on such operational metrics when evaluating an investment in our Class A common stock. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Key Performance Metrics” for definitions of our key operational metrics.

If our operational metrics are not accurate representations of our business, or if investors do not perceive these metrics to be accurate, or if we discover material inaccuracies with respect to these figures, our reputation could be significantly harmed, the trading price of our Class A common stock could decline and we might be subject to stockholder litigation, which could be costly.

If we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, as well as required disclosure controls and procedures, our ability to produce timely and accurate consolidated financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and related rules of the SEC require, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, we have expended, and anticipate that we will continue to expend, significant resources, including accounting-related costs and significant management oversight.

Our current controls and any new controls that we develop could become inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business. In addition, changes in accounting principles or interpretations could also challenge our internal controls and require that we establish new business processes, systems and controls to accommodate such changes. We have limited experience with implementing the systems and controls that are necessary to operate as a public company, as well as adopting changes in accounting principles or interpretations mandated by the relevant regulatory bodies. Additionally, if these new systems, controls or standards and the associated process changes do not give rise to the benefits that we expect or do not operate as intended, it could adversely affect our financial reporting systems and processes, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial reports or the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Moreover, our business might be harmed if we experience problems with any new systems and controls that result in delays in their implementation or increased costs to correct any post-implementation issues that might arise. Further, weaknesses in our disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting could be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement could harm our business or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and could result in a restatement of our consolidated financial statements for prior periods.

Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could also adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that are required in our periodic reports filed with the SEC. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting could harm our business, cause investors to lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our reported financial and other information, and result in us becoming subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, any of which would likely have a negative effect on the trading price of our Class A common stock and have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations,
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financial condition and prospects. In addition, if we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we might not be able to remain listed on the Nasdaq.

Risks Related to Our Class A Common Stock

The trading price for our Class A common stock has been and could continue to be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The trading price of our Class A common stock has been and could continue to be highly volatile and could continue to be subject to fluctuations in response to one or more of the risk factors described in this report, many of which are beyond our control. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our Class A common stock since you might be unable to sell your shares at or above the price you paid. Additional factors that could have a significant effect on the trading price of our Class A common stock include:

• publication of research reports about us, our competitors, or our industry, or changes in, or failure to meet, estimates made by securities analysts or ratings agencies of our financial and operating performance, or lack of research reports by industry analysts or ceasing of analyst coverage;

• announcements by us or our competitors of new offerings or platform features;

• the public’s perception of the quality and accuracy of our key metrics on our customer base and engagement;

• the public’s reaction to our media statements, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;

• rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry;

• the extent to which retail and other individual investors (as distinguished from institutional investors), including our customers, invest in our Class A common stock, which might result in increased volatility; and

• media coverage related to certain individuals and entities identified as having owned our stock, and any speculation related to plans to dispose of their holdings.

In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the trading price of a particular company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. Class action litigation has in the past and could in the future result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.

Further, if the market price of our Class A common stock is above the level that investors determine is reasonable for our Class A common stock, some investors might attempt to short our Class A common stock, which would create additional downward pressure on the trading price of our Class A common stock.

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Substantial future issuances or sales of shares of our Class A common stock in the public market could result in significant dilution to our stockholders and such issuances or sales, or the perception that they may occur, could cause the trading price of our Class A common stock to fall.

As of June 30, 2026, our founders and their related entities hold approximately 12% of our outstanding common stock (and, as described below, over 50% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock). If our founders or other significant stockholders sell, or indicate an intent to sell, large amounts of stock in the public market, such sales, or the perception that these sales might occur, could cause the trading price of our Class A common stock to decline substantially.

Similarly, significant numbers of shares are subject to future issuance including under outstanding warrants held by pre-IPO investors, and under outstanding stock options and RSUs held by employees and other service providers, and significant numbers of additional shares are available for award grant purposes under our 2021 Plan (as defined in Note 12 - Common Stock and Stockholders’ Equity to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report) and for issuance under our ESPP. All of these shares will become eligible for sale in the public market upon exercise, vesting, or settlement, as applicable (and to the extent granted in the discretion of our board of directors, in the case of shares available for grant) or may be sold to satisfy applicable tax withholding requirements. These and any future issuances of shares of our capital stock, or of securities convertible into or exercisable for our capital stock could depress the market price of our Class A common stock and result in a significant dilution for stockholders. For example, in June 2026, we issued the Convertible Notes, which we may settle upon conversion by cash up to the principal amount of the Convertible Notes and paying or delivering shares of our Class A common stock, cash, or a combination thereof, at our election, for any value in excess thereof, which could result in dilution to our stockholders or require us to use a substantial amount of cash. While we entered into Capped Calls transactions in connection with the offering of the Convertible Notes in order to reduce the dilutive effect of any such conversion, or offset cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted Notes, up to a specified cap price, if the price of our Class A common stock exceeds such cap price, we could still experience dilution or be required to make significant cash payments upon conversion of the Convertible Notes. We also used $290 million of the proceeds of the Convertible Notes to repurchase shares concurrently with the offering, which may have reduced the dilutive impact of the offering and associated market activity.

We have authorized more capital stock in recent years to provide additional stock options and RSUs to our employees and to permit for the consummation of equity and equity-linked financings and might continue to do so in the future. Our employee headcount has increased in the past few years, so the amount of dilution due to awards of equity-based compensation to our employees could be substantial. Further, any sales of our Class A common stock (including shares of Class A common stock issuable upon conversion of our Class B common stock, as stock options are exercised, or as RSUs are settled) might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. These sales could also cause the trading price of our Class A common stock to fall and make it more difficult for you to sell shares of our Class A common stock.

There are no guarantees that we will repurchase shares under the Repurchase Program or that the Repurchase Program will result in increased shareholder value.

On March 24, 2026, Robinhood announced that its board of directors approved the Repurchase Program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $1.5 billion of its outstanding Class A common stock to return value to shareholders. The Repurchase Program replaced the Company’s Prior Repurchase Program and is inclusive of amounts that remained available for repurchase under the Prior Repurchase Program which were rolled over into the Repurchase Program, and represented more than $1.1 billion of incremental capacity. As of June 30, 2026, Robinhood has made share repurchases of $127 million under the Repurchase Program. While the Repurchase Program does not have an expiration date, the Company’s management currently expects to conduct the Repurchase Program over a period of
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approximately three years, beginning in the first quarter of 2026. The timing and amount of repurchase transactions will be determined by the Company from time to time at its discretion based on its evaluation of market conditions, share price, and other factors, and repurchase transactions may be made using a variety of methods, such as open market share repurchases, including the use of trading plans intended to qualify under Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, or other financial arrangements or transactions. The Repurchase Program does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of Class A common stock, and the Repurchase Program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at the Company’s discretion. As a result, there is no guarantee with respect to the timing or amount of any future share repurchases, or that we will repurchase the full amount authorized under the Repurchase Program. Other factors, including changes in tax or securities laws, such as the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 which imposes a corporate excise tax of 1% on net stock repurchases, could also impact our stock repurchases.

There are a number of ways in which the Repurchase Program could fail to result in enhanced shareholder value. For example, any failure to repurchase stock after we have announced our intention to do so may negatively impact the trading price of our Class A common stock. The existence of the Repurchase Program could also cause our stock price to trade higher than it otherwise would and could potentially reduce the market liquidity for our stock. The trading price of our Class A common stock could decline below the levels at which we repurchased shares and short-term stock price fluctuations could reduce the effectiveness of the Repurchase Program. Any announcement of a pause in, or termination of, the Repurchase Program may also result in a decrease in the trading price of our Class A common stock. Furthermore, there is no guarantee that our stock repurchases will be able to successfully mitigate the dilutive effect of the equity awards we grant to our employees.

Additionally, repurchasing our Class A common stock will reduce the amount of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities we have available to fund working capital, capital expenditures, capital preserving investments, strategic acquisitions or business opportunities, and other general corporate purposes, and there are no guarantees that the Repurchase Program will result in increased shareholder value. Furthermore, the timing and amount of repurchases, if any, will be subject to liquidity, market and economic conditions, compliance with applicable legal requirements and other relevant factors. If we are unable to, or choose not to, repurchase shares under the Repurchase Program, this may have a negative impact on the perception of the Company as an investment opportunity by shareholders or investment analysts, which may in turn negatively impact the trading price of our Class A common stock.

The multi-class structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting power with our founders, which limits your ability to influence the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval. In addition, the Founders’ Voting Agreement and any future issuances of our Class C common stock could prolong the duration of our founders’ voting control.

Our Class A common stock has one vote per share, our Class B common stock has 10 votes per share, and our Class C common stock has no voting rights, except as otherwise required by law. Our founders and Founder Affiliates together hold all of the issued and outstanding shares of our Class B common stock. Accordingly, Mr. Tenev, who is also our CEO, President and Chair of our board of directors, and Mr. Bhatt, who is a director, collectively with their related entities hold over 50% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. As a result, our founders have the ability to determine or significantly influence any action requiring the approval of our stockholders, including the election of our board of directors, the adoption of amendments to our Charter and our Bylaws and the approval of any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets or other major corporate transaction.

In addition, our founders and Founder Affiliates have entered into the Founders’ Voting Agreement in which they have agreed, among other things, (i) to vote all of the shares of our common stock held by such founder or Founder Affiliate for the election of each founder to, and against the removal of each
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founder from, our board of directors, (ii) to vote together in the election of other directors generally, subject to deferring to the decision of the nominating and corporate governance committee in the event of any disagreement between the founders, (iii) effective upon a founder’s death or disability, to grant a voting proxy to the other founder with respect to shares of our common stock held by the deceased or disabled founder or over which he was entitled to vote (or direct the voting) immediately prior to his death or disability, and (iv) to grant each other rights of first offer in the event of proposed transfers that would otherwise cause Class B shares to convert into Class A shares under our Charter. The Founders’ Voting Agreement has the effect of concentrating voting power in our founders (or either one of them).

Our founders might have interests that differ from yours and might vote in a way with which you disagree and which may be adverse to your interests. Therefore, the founders’ concentrated voting control might have the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change in control of our Company, could deprive our stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their capital stock as part of a sale of our Company, and might ultimately affect the market price of our Class A common stock. Further, the separation between voting power and economic interests could cause conflicts of interest between our founders and our other stockholders, which might result in our founders undertaking, or causing us to undertake, actions that would be desirable for our founders but would not be desirable for our other stockholders.

We have no current plans to issue shares of our Class C common stock. Because the shares of our Class C common stock have no voting rights, except as required by law, if we issue Class C common stock in the future, the voting control of our founders could be maintained for a longer period of time than would be the case if we issued Class A common stock rather than Class C common stock.

Certain provisions in our Charter and our Bylaws and of Delaware law as well as certain FINRA rules might prevent or delay an acquisition of Robinhood, which could decrease the trading price of our Class A common stock.

Our Charter and our Bylaws contain, and Delaware law contains, provisions that might have the effect of deterring takeovers by making such takeovers more expensive to the bidder and by encouraging prospective acquirers to negotiate with our board of directors rather than to attempt a hostile takeover, such as a classified board, limitations on the ability of stockholders to take action by written consent, and the ability of our board of directors to designate the terms of preferred stock and authorize its issuance without stockholder approval. We believe these provisions will protect our stockholders from coercive or otherwise unfair takeover tactics by requiring potential acquirers to negotiate with our board of directors and by providing our board of directors with more time to assess any acquisition proposal. These provisions are not intended to make Robinhood immune from takeovers. However, these provisions will apply even if the offer might be considered beneficial by some stockholders and could delay or prevent an acquisition that our board of directors determines is not in the best interests of Robinhood and our stockholders. Accordingly, if our board of directors determines that a potential acquisition is not in the best interests of Robinhood and our stockholders, but certain stockholders believe that such a transaction would be beneficial to Robinhood and our stockholders, such stockholders might elect to sell their shares in Robinhood, and the trading price of our Class A common stock could decrease. These and other provisions of our Charter, our Bylaws and the Delaware General Corporation Law could have the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control, which might limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our Class A common stock and might also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our Class A common stock.

In addition, a third party attempting to acquire us or a substantial position in our Class A common stock might be delayed or ultimately prevented from doing so by change in ownership or control regulations to which certain of our regulated subsidiaries are subject. For example, FINRA Rule 1017 generally provides that FINRA approval must be obtained in connection with any transaction resulting in a single person or entity owning, directly or indirectly, 25% or more of a FINRA member firm’s equity and
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would include a change in control of a parent company and similar approval from the FCA, which regulates our U.K. authorized broker-dealer subsidiary, must be obtained in connection with any transaction resulting in a person or entity holding, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of the equity or voting power of a U.K. authorized person or the parent of a U.K. authorized person. These and any other applicable regulations relating to changes in control of us or our regulated subsidiaries could further have the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control of us.

The exclusive forum provisions of our Charter could limit our stockholders’ ability to choose the judicial forum for some types of lawsuits against us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our Charter provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the sole and exclusive forum for a number of types of actions or proceedings shall be the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have subject matter jurisdiction, another state court sitting in the State of Delaware) (or, if no state court located within the State of Delaware has jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware), in all cases subject to the court having jurisdiction over indispensable parties named as defendants. Our Charter also provides that the federal district courts of the U.S. will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action under the Securities Act. Nothing in our Charter precludes stockholders that assert claims under the Exchange Act from bringing such claims in any court, subject to applicable law.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to these provisions. These exclusive forum provisions might limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which might discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees. The enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ charter documents has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that a court could find these types of provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable. If a court were to find the exclusive forum provisions in our Charter to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we might incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

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ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Sales of Unregistered Securities

Except as disclosed in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 25, 2026, with respect to the Convertible Notes, from April 1, 2026 through June 30, 2026, the Company did not sell any shares of Class A common stock (or other equity securities of RHM) that were not registered under the Securities Act.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table presents repurchases of shares of our Class A common stock during the three months ended June 30, 2026:

Period
Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share (1)
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2)
Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2)

(in millions)

April 1, 2026 - April 30, 2026 877,383  $ 70.01  877,383  $ 1,437 
May 1, 2026 - May 31, 2026 719,081  $ 75.90  719,081  $ 1,382 
June 1, 2026 - June 30, 2026 (3)
2,833,910  $ 105.90  90,910  $ 1,373 
Total 4,430,374  $ 93.54  1,687,374  $ 1,373 

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(1) The average cost per share excludes the 1% excise tax on net share repurchase and commissions.
(2) On March 24, 2026, we announced that the board of directors approved the Repurchase Program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $1.5 billion of its outstanding Class A common stock. The Repurchase Program replaces the Company’s Prior Repurchase Program and is inclusive of amounts that remained available for repurchase under the Prior Repurchase Program which were rolled over into the Repurchase Program, and represents more than $1.1 billion of incremental capacity. While the Repurchase Program does not have an expiration date, management currently expects to conduct the Repurchase Program over a period of approximately three years, beginning in the first quarter of 2026. The timing and amount of repurchase transactions will be determined by us from time to time at its discretion based on its evaluation of market conditions, share price, and other factors, and repurchase transactions may be made using a variety of methods, such as open market share repurchases, including the use of trading plans intended to qualify under Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, or other financial arrangements or transactions. The Repurchase Program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of Class A common stock, and the Repurchase Program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at our discretion. Refer to Note 12 - Common Stock and Stockholders’ Equity of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report for more information about the Repurchase Program.
(3) Includes 2,743,000 shares of Class A common stock repurchased on June 25, 2026 at $105.71 per share in privately negotiated transactions effected with or through one of the initial purchasers or its affiliate in connection with the offering of our Convertible Notes. Refer to Note 11 - Financing Activities and Off-Balance Sheet Risk of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report for more information. These repurchases were not made pursuant to the Repurchase Program.
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ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
Not applicable.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
Certain of our officers may, from time to time, make elections to participate in our ESPP and to have shares withheld to cover withholding taxes or pay the exercise price of options, which may be designed to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act or may constitute “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements” (as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K).

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ITEM 6. EXHIBIT INDEX
The documents listed below are filed (or furnished, as noted) as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q:

    Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number Description Form* Filing Date Exhibit Filed Herewith
3.1 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Robinhood Markets, Inc., dated August 2, 2021
8-K 2021-08-02 3.1
3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Robinhood Markets, Inc., dated December 14, 2022
8-K
2022-12-16 3.1

4.1 Form of Class A Common Stock Certificate of Robinhood Markets, Inc.
S-1/A 2021-07-19 4.1
4.2 Form of ten-year Warrant to Purchase Stock of Robinhood Markets, Inc., issued to multiple investors on February 12, 2021
S-1 2021-07-01 4.2
4.3 Indenture, dated June 25, 2026, between Robinhood Markets, Inc. and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association
8-K 2026-06-25 4.1
4.4 Form of 0.00% Convertible Senior Note due 2029 (included in Exhibit 4.3)
8-K
2026-06-25 4.2
10.1 Form of Capped Calls Confirmation
8-K 2026-06-25 10.1
31.1 CEO Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
X
31.2 CFO Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
X
32.1‡ CEO Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
X
32.2‡ CFO Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
X
101.INS iXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language) Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document X
101.SCH iXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document X
101.CAL iXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document X
101.DEF iXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document X
101.LAB iXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. X
101.PRE iXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. X
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (contained in Exhibit 101) X
__________________
*    File number is 001-40691 except that the S-1 (and S-1/A) file number is 333-257602.
‡    The certifications attached as Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 that accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are deemed furnished and not filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Robinhood Markets, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly signed this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in Menlo Park, California, on July 29, 2026.

Robinhood Markets, Inc.

By: /s/ Vladimir Tenev
Name: Vladimir Tenev
Title: Chief Executive Officer and President

By: /s/ Shiv Verma

Name: Shiv Verma

Title: Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)

By: /s/ Dara Bazzano
Name: Dara Bazzano
Title: Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)

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